References Featured in Course

• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2023). Clinical Report: Maintaining and Improving the Oral Health of Young Children. Pediatrics, 151(1):1224-1229.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2023). American Academy of Pediatrics Updates Recommendations on Maintaining, Improving Children’s Oral Health. (News release).
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022). Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics, 150(1): e2022057988.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Clinical Report: Identification and Management of Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 147(1): e2020040279.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2020). Clinical Report: Fluoride Use in Caries Prevention in the Primary Care Setting.  Pediatrics, 146 (6): e2020034637
• American Academy of Pediatrics (2014, reaffirmed 2022). Management of Dental Trauma in a Primary Care Setting. Pediatrics, 133(2): e466–e476.

• American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2017). Joint Statement: Oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect. Pediatrics, 104(2), 348-350.

• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2022). Policy on Pacifiers. Reference Manual, 2022:86/9.
• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2022). Policy on Care for Vulnerable Populations in a Dental Setting. Reference Manual. 34-40.
• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2020). Adolescent Oral Health Care.
• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2019). The State of Little Teeth.
• American Dental Association, mouthhealthyorg. (2023). Chewing Gum.
• Bress, L. E. (2013). Improving Oral Health Literacy – The New Standard in Dental Hygiene Practice. American Dental Hygienists' Association, 87(6):322-329.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Addressing Social Determinants of Health Through Community Research.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Water Fluoridation Basics.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Disparities in Oral Health.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Community Water Fluoridation. 2018 Statistics.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Smoking and Tobacco Use. About Electronic Cigarettes.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Oral Health Surveillance Report, 2019.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Division of Oral Health At A Glance.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Prevalence of Total and Untreated Dental Caries Among Youth: United States, 2015–2016.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2015-2016).
• Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. (2023). Texas Report from the National Survey of Children’s Health, 2020-2021.
• Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. (2013). Oral Health Status State Ranking Map. Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
• Delta Dental of Arkansas. (2019).
• Diangelis, A. J., Andreasen, J. O., Ebeleseder, K. A., Kenny, D. J., Trope, M., Sigurdsson, A., . . . Tsukiboshi, M. (2012). International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: Fractures and luxations of permanent teeth. Dental Traumatology, 28(1):2–12.
• Dickson, A. L., & Fontana, M. (2018). How to bring oral health to primary care. Contemporary Pediatrics, 35(6).
• Holliday, R., Chaffee, B. W., Jakubovics, N. S., Kist, R., & Preshaw, P. M. Electronic Cigarettes and Oral Health. Journal of Dental Research, 100(9):906-913.
• Irusa, K. F., Finkelman, M., Magnuson, B., Donovan, T. & Eisen, S. E. (2022). A comparison of the caries risk between patients who use vapes or electronic cigarettes and those who do not: A cross-sectional study. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 153(12): 1179-1183,
• Lam, P. P. Y., Chua, H., Ekambaram, M., Lo, E. C. M., & Yiu, C. K. Y. (2022). Risk Predictors of Early Childhood Caries Increment: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice, 22(3):101732.
• Lebrun-Harris, L., Canto, M., Vodicka, P., Mann, M., & Kinsman, S. (2021). Oral Health Among Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs. Pediatrics, 148 (2): e2020025700.
• Miller, E., Lee, J. Y., DeWalt, D. A., & Vann, W. F. Jr. (2010). Impact of Caregiver Literacy on Children's Oral Health Outcomes. Pediatrics, 126(1): 107-114.
• National Institutes of Health. (2021). Oral Health in America: Advances and Challenges. Fact Sheet. Oral Health Across the Lifespan: Children.
• National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. (2020). Developmental Disabilities & Oral Health.
• National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2020). Amelogenesis imperfecta.
• Pew Charitable Trusts. (2022). Inequitable Access to Oral Health Care Continues to Harm Children of Color.
• Ross, M., Campbell, P., Tadlock, L., Taylor, R., & Buschang, P. (2019). Effect of automated messaging on oral hygiene in adolescent orthodontic patients: a randomized controlled trial. Angle Orthodontist, 89:262–267.
• Russell, K. W., Katz, M. G., Phillips, R. C., Kelley-Quon, L. I., Acker, S. N., Shahi, N, . . . Kastenberg, Z. J. (2022). Adolescent Vaping-Associated Trauma in the Western United States. Journal of Surgical Research, 276: 251-255.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (n.d.). Kindergarten Oral Health Screening Survey, 2018-2019.
• Texas Department of State Health Services (n.d.). Third Grade Oral Health Screening Survey, 2017-2018.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (n.d.). Oral evaluation and fluoride varnish in the medical home.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2023). Medical Transportation Program.
• Thang, L. V., Kim, J. G., Yang, Y. M., & Lee, D.W. (2021). Risk Factors for Early Childhood Caries: An Umbrella Review. Pediatric Dentistry, 43(3):176-194.
• University of Washington School of Dentistry. (2010). Oral Health Fact Sheet for Dental Professionals: Children with Type 1 Diabetes.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2023). Healthy People 2030: Oral Health Conditions.

Additional References

• American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2016). Policy on Early Childhood Caries (ECC): Classifications, Consequences, and Preventive Strategies.
• American Dental Association. (2019). Diabetes and Your Smile.
• Autism Speaks. (n.d.). Dental Professionals’ Tool Kit.

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Oral Health at a Glance.

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. (n.d.). Oral and Dental Health.
• Children’s Oncology Group. (n.d.). Dental Health.
• U.S. Surgeon General. (2019). Surgeon General Priority: Oral health.

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were obtained or adapted from the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, American Association of Orthodontists, American Dental Association, American Family Physician, Cleveland Clinic, the journal Development, Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary, National Maternal and Child Oral Health Resource Center, Oxford Dictionaries, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Rare Diseases Research, U.S. National Library of Medicine and WebMD.

Continuing Medical Education

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service is accredited by the Texas Medical Association to provide continuing medical education for physicians. 

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service designates this enduring material for a maximum of 0.75 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Continuing Nursing Education

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation. The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has awarded 0.75 contact hour(s) of Continuing Nursing Education.

Social Workers

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service under sponsor number CS3065 has been approved by the Texas State Board of Social Worker Examiners to offer continuing education contact hours to social workers. The approved status of The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service expires annually on December 31. The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has awarded 0.75 contact hour(s) of Continuing Social Work Education.

Certificate of Attendance

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has designated 0.75 hour(s) for attendance.

General Disclosure

One of the requirements of continuing education is disclosure of the following information to the learner:

1. Notice of requirements for successful completion of continuing education activity. To receive continuing education credit the learner must successfully complete the following activities:
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   • Thoroughly read the content of the module.
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   The THSTEPS Web-based Continuing Education Series has received no commercial support.
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   The THSTEPS Continuing Education Planning Committee and the authors of these modules have no relevant financial relationships to disclose.
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   Accredited status does not imply endorsement of any commercial products or services by the Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service; Texas Medical Association; or American Nurse Credentialing Center.
5. Off-Label Use.
   Using a disclosure review process, the THSTEPS Continuing Education Planning Committee has examined documents and has concluded that the authors of these modules have not included content that discusses off-label use (use of products for a purpose other than that for which they were approved by the Food and Drug Administration).

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The intent of disclosure is to allow Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service the opportunity to resolve any potential conflicts of interest to assure balance, independence, objectivity and scientific rigor in all of its Continuing Education activities.

All faculty, planners, speakers and authors of Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service sponsored activities are expected to disclose to the Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service any relevant financial, relationships with any commercial or personal interest that produces health care goods or services concerned with the content of an educational presentation. Faculty, planners, speakers and authors must also disclose where there are any other potentially biasing relationships of a professional or personal nature.

Glossary of Terms

Conflict of Interest: Circumstances create a conflict of interest when an individual has an opportunity to affect Continuing Education content about products or services of a commercial interest with which she/he has a financial relationship or where there are any other potentially biasing relationships of a professional or personal nature.

Commercial Interest: Any entity producing, marketing, re-selling, or distributing health care goods or services consumed by, or used on, patients.

Financial Relationships: Those relationships in which the individual benefits by receiving a salary, royalty, intellectual property rights, consulting fee, honoraria, ownership interest (e.g., stocks, stock options or other ownership interest, excluding diversified mutual funds), or other financial benefit. Financial benefits are usually associated with roles such as employment, management position, independent contractor (including contracted research), consulting, teaching, membership on advisory committees or review panels, board membership, and other activities for which remuneration is received or expected. Relevant financial relationships would include those within the past 12 months of the person involved in the activity and a spouse or partner. Relevant financial relationships of your spouse or partner are those of which you are aware at the time of this disclosure.

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