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American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (n.d.). Hearing Loss at Birth (Congenital Hearing Loss).

Arnold, C. L., Davis, T. C., Humiston, S. G., Bocchini, J. A., Bass, P. F. III, Bocchini, A., … Forsman, I. (2006). Infant Hearing Screening: Stakeholder Recommendations for Parent-Centered Communication. Pediatrics, 117(Supplement 3), S341-S354.

Boys Town National Research Hospital. (n.d.). babyhearing.org. Cochlear Implants.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). 2020 Summary of Hearing Screening Among Total Occurrent Births.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Data and Statistics on Down Syndrome.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Data and Statistics on Spina Bifida.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Hearing Loss Treatment and Intervention Services. Available in English and Spanish.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). 2020 Summary of National CDC EHDI Data.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Babies Born with Congenital CMV. Available in English and Spanish.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Congenital CMV and Hearing Loss. Available in English and Spanish.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Genetics of Hearing Loss.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). What is Hearing Loss in Children? Available in English and Spanish.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Data and Statistics About Hearing Loss in Children.

The Joint Committee on Infant Hearing. (2019). Year 2019 Position Statement: Principles and Guidelines for Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Programs. The Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (JEHDI), 4(2): 1–44.

Mayo Clinic. (2020). Cytomegalovirus (CMG) infection.

National Center for Hearing Assessment and Management (NCHAM) Utah State University. Early Hearing Detection & Intervention (EHDI): National Technical Resource Center (NTRC). (n.d.). Texas Summary of Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Legislation.

National CMV Foundation, Prevention Tips. (n.d.). CMV Prevention and Healthy Pregnancy Tips.

National CMV Foundation, Start Here. (2023). What is CMV?

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). (2021). Quick Statistics About Hearing.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). (2018). Auditory Neuropathy.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). (2021). Cochlear Implants. 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). (2022). Hearing Aids.

Pimperton, H., Blythe. H., Kreppner, J., Mahon, M., Peacock, J. L., Stevenson, J. . . . Kennedy, C. R. (2016). The impact of universal newborn hearing screening on long-term literacy outcomes: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Journals: Archives of Disease in Childhood, 101:9-15.

Smalley, J, Hole, K. Prevalence, behavioral, and management outcomes of infants with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. Dev Med & Child Neurol. 2021; 64: 593– 599.

Texas Department of State Health Services. (2021). Healthy Texas Mothers and Babies Data.

Texas Department of State Health Services. (2020). Screened Disorders.

Texas Department of State Health Services. (2020). Texas Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (TEHDI).

Texas Education Agency (TEA). (n.d.). Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE).

Texas Department of State Health Services, Texas Health Steps. (2021). Texas Health Steps Periodicity Schedule for Infants, Children and Adolescents.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (n.d.). Deaf and Hard of Hearing.

Texas Health and Safety Code, Title 2. Health, Subtitle B. Health Programs, §47. Hearing Loss in Newborns.

Texas Administrative Code, Title 25 Health Services, Part 1 Department of State Health Services, Subchapter S Newborn Hearing Screening, §37.504. (2020). Required Reporting. 25Tex. Amin.

Texas Medicaid & Healthcare Partnership (TMHP). (2023). Texas Medicaid Provider Procedures Manual, Volume 2, Provider Handbooks, Children’s Services Handbook.

Texas Medicaid & Healthcare Partnership (TMHP). (n.d.). Provider Search.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health. (2019). Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS).

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions in this module were adapted from the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Mayo Clinic, the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communications Disorders, Texas Health Steps, the National Eye Institute and the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Continuing Medical Education

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service is accredited by the Texas Medical Association to provide continuing medical education for physicians. 

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service designates this enduring material for a maximum of 1.50 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Continuing Nursing Education

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation. The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has awarded 1.50 contact hour(s) of Continuing Nursing Education.

Social Workers

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service under sponsor number CS3065 has been approved by the Texas State Board of Social Worker Examiners to offer continuing education contact hours to social workers. The approved status of The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service expires annually on December 31. The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has awarded 1.50 contact hour(s) of Continuing Social Work Education.

Certificate of Attendance

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has designated 1.50 hour(s) for attendance.

General Disclosure

One of the requirements of continuing education is disclosure of the following information to the learner:

1. Notice of requirements for successful completion of continuing education activity. To receive continuing education credit the learner must successfully complete the following activities:
   • Create a Texas Health Steps account.
   • Complete on-line registration process.
   • Thoroughly read the content of the module.
   • Complete the on-line examination.
   • Complete the evaluation.
2. Commercial Support.
   The THSTEPS Web-based Continuing Education Series has received no commercial support.
3. Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships.
   The THSTEPS Continuing Education Planning Committee and the authors of these modules have no relevant financial relationships to disclose.
4. Non-Endorsement Statement.
   Accredited status does not imply endorsement of any commercial products or services by the Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service; Texas Medical Association; or American Nurse Credentialing Center.
5. Off-Label Use.
   Using a disclosure review process, the THSTEPS Continuing Education Planning Committee has examined documents and has concluded that the authors of these modules have not included content that discusses off-label use (use of products for a purpose other than that for which they were approved by the Food and Drug Administration).

The following are policies and definitions of terms related to continuing education disclosure:

The intent of disclosure is to allow Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service the opportunity to resolve any potential conflicts of interest to assure balance, independence, objectivity and scientific rigor in all of its Continuing Education activities.

All faculty, planners, speakers and authors of Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service sponsored activities are expected to disclose to the Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service any relevant financial, relationships with any commercial or personal interest that produces health care goods or services concerned with the content of an educational presentation. Faculty, planners, speakers and authors must also disclose where there are any other potentially biasing relationships of a professional or personal nature.

Glossary of Terms

Conflict of Interest: Circumstances create a conflict of interest when an individual has an opportunity to affect Continuing Education content about products or services of a commercial interest with which she/he has a financial relationship or where there are any other potentially biasing relationships of a professional or personal nature.

Commercial Interest: Any entity producing, marketing, re-selling, or distributing health care goods or services consumed by, or used on, patients.

Financial Relationships: Those relationships in which the individual benefits by receiving a salary, royalty, intellectual property rights, consulting fee, honoraria, ownership interest (e.g., stocks, stock options or other ownership interest, excluding diversified mutual funds), or other financial benefit. Financial benefits are usually associated with roles such as employment, management position, independent contractor (including contracted research), consulting, teaching, membership on advisory committees or review panels, board membership, and other activities for which remuneration is received or expected. Relevant financial relationships would include those within the past 12 months of the person involved in the activity and a spouse or partner. Relevant financial relationships of your spouse or partner are those of which you are aware at the time of this disclosure.

Off Label: Using products for a purpose other that that for which it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

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