Featured

• Afrouz, R., & Vassos, S. (2024). Adolescents’ Experiences of Cyber-Dating Abuse and the Pattern of Abuse Through Technology, A Scoping Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, https://doi.org/10.1177/152483802412274.

• Axford, N., Tredinnick-Rowe, J., Rybcyznska-Bunt, S., Burns, L., Green, F., & Thompson, T. (2023). Engaging youth at risk of violence in services: Messages from research. Children and Youth Services Review, 144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106713.
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2019). Self Injury in Adolescents.

• American Academy of Pediatrics.  Clinical report. (Reaffirmed 2023.)  Organized Sports for Children, Preadolescents, and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 143(6),  https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-0997

• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022). Policy Statement.  Firearm-Related Injuries and Deaths in Children and Youth: Injury Prevention and Harm Reduction.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2023). Health Briefs. About 9% of preadolescents have history of nonsuicidal self-injury.  
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2023). News release. How to help when you believe a child is engaging in self-harm.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2023). Patient Care. Gun Safety and Injury Prevention.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2023). Patient Care. Trauma-Informed Care.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy Statement (reaffirmed 2022). Media Use in School-Aged Children and Adolescents.
• Bjureberg, J., Kuja-Halkola, R., Ohlis, A., Lichtenstein, P., D'Onofrio, B.M., Hellner, C., & Cederlöf, M. (2022). Adverse clinical outcomes among youths with nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempts: a longitudinal cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(8), 921-928.
• Buelens, T., Costantini, G., Luyckx, K., & Claes, L. (2020). Comorbidity Between Non-suicidal Self-Injury Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder in Adolescents: A Graphical Network Approach. Front Psychiatry, 11, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580922
• Burch, C., Webb, A., Jorge, E., King, B., Nichols, M., & Monroe, K. (2023). Safe at home: prevention of pediatric unintentional injuries. Injury Epidemiolgy, 10(1), 30.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Adolescent and School Health. HIV Testing and Youth.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Preventing Youth Violence.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Youth Violence Prevention. Bullying. Quick Facts and Stats.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Violence Prevention. Risk and Protective Factors.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 2021 results.
• Craig, J. M., & Zettler, H. R. (2021). Are the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Violent Recidivism Offense-Specific? Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 19(1), 27-44.
• Daukantaitė, D., Lundh, L., Wångby-Lundh, M., Claréus, B., Bjärehed, J., Zhou, Y., & Liljedahl, S. I. (2021). What happens to young adults who have engaged in self-injurious behavior as adolescents? A 10-year follow-up. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(3), 475–492.
• Duarte, T.A., Paulino, S., Almeida, C., Gomes, H.S., Santos, N., & Gouveia-Pereira, M. (2020). Self-harm as a predisposition for suicide attempts: A study of adolescents' deliberate self-harm, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. Psychiatry Research, 287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112553.
• Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J.W. (2024). Cyberbullying Identification, Prevention, and Response. Cyberbullying Research Center (cyberbullying.org).
• Hong, S., Lu, N., Wu, D., Jimenez, D.E., Milanaik, R.L. (2020). Digital sextortion: Internet predators and pediatric interventions. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 32(1), 192-197.

• Humphreys, K.L., Myint, M.T., & Zeanah, C.H. (2020). Increased Risk for Family Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pediatrics, 146(1), https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0982

• Hsu, K.K., & Rakhmanina, N.Y. (2022). Clinical Report.  Adolescents and Young Adults: The Pediatrician’s Role in HIV Testing and Pre- and Postexposure HIV Prophylaxis. Pediatrics, 149(1), https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-055207.

• Jackson, D.B., Jones, M.S., Semenza, D.C., & Testa, A. (2023). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adolescent Delinquency: A Theoretically Informed Investigation of Mediators during Middle Childhood. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043202
• Li, J., Ran, G., Zhang, Q., He, X. (2023). The prevalence of cyber dating abuse among adolescents and emerging adults: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107726.

• Long, Q., Huang, B., Tang, Y., Wu, J., Yu, J., Qiu, J., . . . Huang, G. (2024). Peer victimization and non-suicidal self-injury among high school students: the mediating role of social anxiety, mobile phone addiction, and sex differences. BMC Psychiatry, 24(1), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05495-8.

• Martin, R., Rajan, S., Shareef, F., Xie, K.C., Allen, K.A., Zimmerman, M., & Jay, J. (2022). Racial Disparities in Child Exposure to Firearm Violence Before and During COVID-19. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 63(2), 204-212.
• McEvoy, D., Brannigan, R., CoOKe, L., Butler, E., Walsh, C., Arensman, E., & Clarke, M. (2023). Risk and protective factors for self-harm in adolescents and young adults: An umbrella review of systematic reviews. Journal of Psychiatric Research, (168), 353-380. Abstract.
• Mori, C., Park, J. Temple, J.R., & Madigan, S. (2022). Are Youth Sexting Rates Still on the Rise? A Meta-analytic Update. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(4), 531-539.
• Naik-Mathuria, B.J., Cain, C.M., Alore, E.A., Chen, L., & Pompeii, L.A. (2023). Defining the Full Spectrum of Pediatric Firearm Injury and Death in the United States: It is Even Worse Than We Think. Annals of Surgery, 278(1), 10-16.
• Nation, M., Chapman, D.A., Edmonds, T., Cosey-Gay, F.N., Jackson, T., Marshall, K.J., . . . Trudeau, A.T. (2021). Social and Structural Determinants of Health and Youth Violence: Shifting the Paradigm of Youth Violence Prevention. American Journal of Public Health, 111, 28-31.
• Niu, S., Yin, X., Pan, B., Chen, H., Dai, C., Tong, C., . . . Feng, X. (2024). Understanding Comorbidity Between Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Depressive Symptoms in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents: A Network Analysis. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4(20), 1-17.
• Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2022). Teen Dating Violence. Literature Review

• Piolanti, A., Waller, F., Schmid, I.E., & Foran, H.M. (2023). Long-term Adverse Outcomes Associated with Teen Dating Violence: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics, 151(6),  https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-059654

• Sakran, J.V., Nance, M., Riall, T., Asmar, S., Chehab, M., & Joseph, B. (2020). Pediatric firearm injuries and fatalities: Do racial disparities exist? Annals of Surgery, 272, 556–561.
• Santaella-Tenorio, J., & Tarantola, D. (2021). Youth Violence: Prevention and Control. American Journal of Public Health, 111(1), 8-9.

• Schleimer, J.P., Gause, E., Dalve, K., Ellyson, A., & Rowhani-Rahbar A. (2023). Rural-Urban Variation in the Association of Adolescent Violence and Handgun Carrying in the United States, 2002-2019. JAMA Network Open, 6(2), https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.1153

• Schober, D.J. (2022). Examining the protective effects of social capital and social support on the perpetration of violence among a national sample of adolescents. Injury Prevention, 28(6), 533-538.
• Shuster, C.L., Houck, C.D., & Tooley, E.M. (2021). Adolescent Emotion Regulation and Parent-Child Discussions about Sexual Behaviors. International Journal of Sexual Health, 33(1), 99-108.
• Song, Z., Zubizarreta, J.R., Giuriato, M., Koh, K.A., & Sacks, C.A. (2023). Firearm Injuries In Children And Adolescents: Health And Economic Consequences Among Survivors And Family Members. Health Affairs, 42(11), 1541–1550.
• stopbullying.gov. (2021). Who is at Risk?
• Temple, J.R., Baumler, E., Wood, L., Franco, K.S., Peskin, M., & Shumate, C. (2023).  Cumulative Incidence of Physical and Sexual Dating Violence: Insights from a Long-term Longitudinal Study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(3-4), 735–755.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). (2021).
• U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. (2020). Children Exposed to Violence.
• U.S. Office of the Surgeon General. (2023). Advisory: Social Media and Youth Mental Health.

• Vaishnav, A., Smith, G.A., Badeti, J., & Michaels, N.L. (2023). An epidemiological study of unintentional pediatric firearm fatalities in the USA, 2009–2018. Injury Epidemiology. 10(25), https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-023-00438-5.

• Waseem, M., & Nickerson, A.B. (2023). Identifying and Addressing Bullying. StatPearls.
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Newsroom: Youth violence fact sheet.
• Ybarra, M.L., Mitchell, K.J., & Oppenheim, J.K. (2022). Violent Media in Childhood and Seriously Violent Behavior in Adolescence and Young Adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 71(3), 285-292.

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were obtained or adapted from the American Psychiatric Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Federal Trade Commission, Journal of Pediatric Health Care, DNA Learning Center, Mayo Clinic, Merriam-Webster, Michigan Legal Help Program, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Psychology Today, WebMD and the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Continuing Medical Education

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service is accredited by the Texas Medical Association to provide continuing medical education for physicians. 

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service designates this enduring material for a maximum of 1.00 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Continuing Nursing Education

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation. The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has awarded 1.00 contact hour(s) of Continuing Nursing Education.

Certified Health Education Specialists

Sponsored by The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service, a designated provider of continuing education contact hours (CECH) in health education by the National Commission for Health Education Credentialing, Inc. This program is designated for Certified Health Education Specialists (CHES®) and/or Master Certified Health Education Specialists (MCHES®) to receive up to 1.00 total Category I contact education contact hours. Maximum advanced-level continuing education contact hours available are 1.00.

Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service is an approved provider (#1039) by the Texas State Board of Examiners of Marriage and Family Therapists to offer continuing education contact hours to Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists. The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has awarded 1.00 contact hour(s) for Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists. 

Licensed Professional Counselors

Up to 1.00 LPC hours may be earned at this event.

Social Workers

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service under sponsor number CS3065 has been approved by the Texas State Board of Social Worker Examiners to offer continuing education contact hours to social workers. The approved status of The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service expires annually on December 31. The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has awarded 1.00 contact hour(s) of Continuing Social Work Education.

Certificate of Attendance

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has designated 1.00 hour(s) for attendance.

Certified Community Health Worker

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Promotor(a)/Community Health Worker Training and Certification Program has certified this course for 1.00 contact hour(s) of continuing education for Certified Community Health Workers and Community Health Worker Instructors.

General Disclosure

One of the requirements of continuing education is disclosure of the following information to the learner:

1. Notice of requirements for successful completion of continuing education activity. To receive continuing education credit the learner must successfully complete the following activities:
   • Create a Texas Health Steps account.
   • Complete on-line registration process.
   • Thoroughly read the content of the module.
   • Complete the on-line examination.
   • Complete the evaluation.
2. Commercial Support.
   The THSTEPS Web-based Continuing Education Series has received no commercial support.
3. Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships.
   The THSTEPS Continuing Education Planning Committee and the authors of these modules have no relevant financial relationships to disclose.
4. Non-Endorsement Statement.
   Accredited status does not imply endorsement of any commercial products or services by the Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service; Texas Medical Association; or American Nurse Credentialing Center.
5. Off-Label Use.
   Using a disclosure review process, the THSTEPS Continuing Education Planning Committee has examined documents and has concluded that the authors of these modules have not included content that discusses off-label use (use of products for a purpose other than that for which they were approved by the Food and Drug Administration).

The following are policies and definitions of terms related to continuing education disclosure:

The intent of disclosure is to allow Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service the opportunity to resolve any potential conflicts of interest to assure balance, independence, objectivity and scientific rigor in all of its Continuing Education activities.

All faculty, planners, speakers and authors of Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service sponsored activities are expected to disclose to the Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service any relevant financial, relationships with any commercial or personal interest that produces health care goods or services concerned with the content of an educational presentation. Faculty, planners, speakers and authors must also disclose where there are any other potentially biasing relationships of a professional or personal nature.

Glossary of Terms

Conflict of Interest: Circumstances create a conflict of interest when an individual has an opportunity to affect Continuing Education content about products or services of a commercial interest with which she/he has a financial relationship or where there are any other potentially biasing relationships of a professional or personal nature.

Commercial Interest: Any entity producing, marketing, re-selling, or distributing health care goods or services consumed by, or used on, patients.

Financial Relationships: Those relationships in which the individual benefits by receiving a salary, royalty, intellectual property rights, consulting fee, honoraria, ownership interest (e.g., stocks, stock options or other ownership interest, excluding diversified mutual funds), or other financial benefit. Financial benefits are usually associated with roles such as employment, management position, independent contractor (including contracted research), consulting, teaching, membership on advisory committees or review panels, board membership, and other activities for which remuneration is received or expected. Relevant financial relationships would include those within the past 12 months of the person involved in the activity and a spouse or partner. Relevant financial relationships of your spouse or partner are those of which you are aware at the time of this disclosure.

Off Label: Using products for a purpose other that that for which it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

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