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• American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE, COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE. (2015, reaffirmed 2024). The Impact of Marijuana Policies on Youth: Clinical, Research, and Legal Update. Pediatrics March 2015; 135 (3): 584–587. 10.1542/peds.2014-4146
• Hadland S., Burr W., Zoucha K., Somberg S., Camenga D. (2023.) Perceptions, Preparedness & Practices Treating Adolescent Opioid Use in Primary Care. Report presented at the 2023 Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting.
• American Psychiatric Association. (2024).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR).
• Boston Children’s Hospital. (2015). Adolescent SBIRT Toolkit for Providers.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2024). Motivational Interviewing to Help Your Patients Seek Treatment.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). E-cigarette Use Among Middle and High School Students — United States, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 69(37);1310–1312.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). About E-Cigarettes (Vapes).
• Child Mind Institute. (2024). Complete Guide to Substance Use + Mental Health.
• Chung T., Creswell K.G., Bachrach R., Clark D.B., Martin C.S. (2018). Adolescent Binge Drinking. Alcohol Res. 2018;39(1):5-15. PMID: 30557142; PMCID: PMC6104966.
• Donohue, B., & Azrin, N. H. (2012). Treating adolescent substance abuse using family behavior therapy: A step-by-step approach. John Wiley & Sons.
• Drug Enforcement Agency. (n.d.). Get Smart About Drugs.
• Foy, J.M., Green, C.M., Earls, M.F. (2019). COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, MENTAL HEALTH LEADERSHIP WORK GROUP. Mental Health Competencies for Pediatric Practice. Pediatrics November 2019; 144 (5): e20192757. 10.1542/peds.2019-2757
• Hadland, S. E., Wharam, J. F., Schuster, M. A., Zhang, F., Samet, J. H., & Larochelle, M. R. (2017). Trends in Receipt of Buprenorphine and Naltrexone for Opioid Use Disorder Among Adolescents and Young Adults, 2001-2014. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(8): 747–755.
• Harm Reduction Coalition. (2020). Understanding Naloxone.
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• Kulak, J., & Griswold, K. (2019). Adolescent Substance Use and Misuse: Recognition and Management. American Family Physician, 99(11):689-696.
• Liddle, H. A., Dakof, G. A., Rowe, C. L., Henderson, C., Greenbaum, P., Wang, W., & Alberga, L. (2018). Multidimensional Family Therapy as a community-based alternative to residential treatment for adolescents with substance use and co-occurring mental health disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 90, 47-56.
• National Council for Behavioral Health. (2019). Improving Adolescent Health: Facilitating Change for Excellence in SBIRT.
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Medical Definitions

The medical definitions in this module were obtained or adapted from NIDA’s Monitoring the Future report and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Continuing Medical Education (Ethics Accredited)

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service is accredited by the Texas Medical Association to provide continuing medical education for physicians.

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service designates this enduring material for a maximum of 1.25 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

This course has been designated by The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service for 1.25 credit(s) of education in medical ethics and/or professional responsibility.

Continuing Nursing Education

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation. The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has awarded 1.25 contact hour(s) of Continuing Nursing Education.

Licensed Professional Counselors (Ethics Accredited)

Up to 1.25 LPC hours and 1.25 hours in professional ethics may be earned at this event.

Social Workers (Ethics Accredited)

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service, the continuing education provider, ensures that the education provided is directly related to the practice of social work; and that the individuals presenting the information have the necessary experience and knowledge in the topics presented. The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has awarded 1.25 hours of credit and 1.25 hours in professional ethics.

Certificate of Attendance

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has designated 1.25 hour(s) for attendance.

Certified Community Health Worker

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Promotor(a)/Community Health Worker Training and Certification Program has certified this course for 1.25 contact hour(s) of continuing education for Certified Community Health Workers and Community Health Worker Instructors.

General Disclosure

One of the requirements of continuing education is disclosure of the following information to the learner:

1. Notice of requirements for successful completion of continuing education activity. To receive continuing education credit the learner must successfully complete the following activities:
   • Create a Texas Health Steps account.
   • Complete on-line registration process.
   • Thoroughly read the content of the module.
   • Complete the on-line examination.
   • Complete the evaluation.
2. Commercial Support.
   The THSTEPS Web-based Continuing Education Series has received no commercial support.
3. Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships.
   The THSTEPS Continuing Education Planning Committee and the authors of these modules have no relevant financial relationships to disclose.
4. Non-Endorsement Statement.
   Accredited status does not imply endorsement of any commercial products or services by the Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service; Texas Medical Association; or American Nurse Credentialing Center.
5. Off-Label Use.
   Using a disclosure review process, the THSTEPS Continuing Education Planning Committee has examined documents and has concluded that the authors of these modules have not included content that discusses off-label use (use of products for a purpose other than that for which they were approved by the Food and Drug Administration).

The following are policies and definitions of terms related to continuing education disclosure:

The intent of disclosure is to allow Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service the opportunity to resolve any potential conflicts of interest to assure balance, independence, objectivity and scientific rigor in all of its Continuing Education activities.

All faculty, planners, speakers and authors of Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service sponsored activities are expected to disclose to the Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service any relevant financial, relationships with any commercial or personal interest that produces health care goods or services concerned with the content of an educational presentation. Faculty, planners, speakers and authors must also disclose where there are any other potentially biasing relationships of a professional or personal nature.

Glossary of Terms

Conflict of Interest: Circumstances create a conflict of interest when an individual has an opportunity to affect Continuing Education content about products or services of a commercial interest with which she/he has a financial relationship or where there are any other potentially biasing relationships of a professional or personal nature.

Commercial Interest: Any entity producing, marketing, re-selling, or distributing health care goods or services consumed by, or used on, patients.

Financial Relationships: Those relationships in which the individual benefits by receiving a salary, royalty, intellectual property rights, consulting fee, honoraria, ownership interest (e.g., stocks, stock options or other ownership interest, excluding diversified mutual funds), or other financial benefit. Financial benefits are usually associated with roles such as employment, management position, independent contractor (including contracted research), consulting, teaching, membership on advisory committees or review panels, board membership, and other activities for which remuneration is received or expected. Relevant financial relationships would include those within the past 12 months of the person involved in the activity and a spouse or partner. Relevant financial relationships of your spouse or partner are those of which you are aware at the time of this disclosure.

Off Label: Using products for a purpose other that that for which it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

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