Featured

• American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.).  Bright Futures Tool and Resource Kit.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). Policy Statement: Detention of Immigrant Children.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2012/2016). Policy Statement: Early Childhood Adversity, Toxic Stress, and the Role of the Pediatrician: Translating Developmental Science Into Lifelong Health. Pediatrics, (129)1, 224-231.
• American Academy of Pediatrics & Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption. (2016). Helping Foster and Adoptive Families Cope with Trauma.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Foster Care, Adoption, and Kinship Care, Committee on Adolescence, & Council on Early Childhood. (2015). Policy Statement: Health Care Issues for Children and Adolescents in Foster Care and Kinship Care. Pediatrics, (136)4: e1131-40.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2014). Trauma Toolbox for Primary Care.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2014). Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Lifelong Consequences of Trauma.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2013). Policy Statement: Enhancing Pediatric Workforce Diversity and Providing Culturally Effective Pediatric Care: Implications for Practice, Education, and Policy Making. Pediatrics, 132(4), e1105-e1116.
• Bartlett, J. D., & Steber, K. (2019). How to Implement Trauma-informed Care to Build Resilience to Childhood Trauma. Child Trends.
• Bethell, C. D., Newacheck, P., Hawes, E., & Halfon, N. (2014). Adverse Childhood Experiences: Assessing the Impact on Health And School Engagement and The Mitigating Role Of Resilience. Health Affairs, (33)12.
• Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Ford, J. D., Fraleigh, L., McCarthy, K., & Carter, A. S. (2010). Prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events in a healthy birth cohort of very young children in the northeastern United States. Journal of Trauma Stress, 23(6): 725-733.
• Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (n.d.). The Impact of Early Adversity on Children's Development (video).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) web page.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Estimated Cost of Child Abuse and Neglect in 2015.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Adverse Childhood Experiences, looking at how ACEs affect our lives & society.
• Chemtob, C. M., Gudiño, O. G., & Laraque, D. (2013). Maternal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Pediatric Primary Care Association With Child Maltreatment and Frequency of Child Exposure to Traumatic Events. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(11), 1011-1018.
• Child Welfare Information Gateway. (n.d.) Adverse Childhood Experiences.
• Colby, S., & Ortman, J. (2015). Projections of the Size and Composition of the U.S. Population: 2014 to 2060. U.S. Census Bureau.
• Dierkhising, C. B., Ko, S. J., Woods-Jaeger, B., Briggs, E. C., Lee, R., & Pynoos, R. S. (2013). Trauma histories among justice-involved youth: findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4.
• Ellis, W. R. & Dietz, W. H. (2017). A New Framework for Addressing Adverse Childhood and Community Experiences: The Building Community Resilience Model. Academic Pediatrics, 17(7S).
• Felitti, V., & Anda, R. (2010). The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to adult health, well being, social function and health care (Chapter 8). The Hidden Epidemic: The Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease, Cambridge University Press.
• Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2015). Prevalence of Childhood Exposure to Violence, Crime, and Abuse: Results from the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8):746-54.
• Gabrielli, J., Lund, E. (2020). Acute-on-chronic stress in the time of COVID-19: assessment considerations for vulnerable youth populations. Pediatric Research, 88, 829–831.
• Gerson, R., & Rappaport, N. (2013). Traumatic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder in youth: Recent research findings on clinical impact, assessment, and treatment. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(2), 137-143.
• Harris, N. B. (2015). TedMed video. How childhood trauma affects health across a lifetime.
• Harvard University, Center on the Developing Child. (2017). Toxic Stress.
• Horner, G. (2016). Resilience. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 31(3): 384-390.
• Indian Country Child Trauma Center. (2006). Historical Trauma Among the Native American Population: What Service Providers Need to Know.
• Jones, R., Flaherty, E. G., Binns, H. J., Price, L. L., Slora, E., Abney, D., … Sege, R. D. (2008). Clinicians’ Description of Factors Influencing Their Reporting of Suspected Child Abuse: Report of the Child Abuse Reporting Experience Study Research Group. [Abstract]. Pediatrics, 122(2), 259-266.
• Luthar, S. S., & Eisenberg, N. (2017). Resilient Adaptation Among At-Risk Children: Harnessing Science Toward Maximizing Salutary Environments. Child Development, 88(2):337-49.
• Merrick, M., Ford, D. C., Ports, K. A., & Guinn, A. S. (2018). Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences From the 2011-2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 23 States. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(11):1038-1044.
• National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (n.d.). Resilience and Child Traumatic Stress
• National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (n.d.). Trauma Types.
• Peterson, C., Florence, C., & Klevens, J. (2018). The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States, 2015. Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 86, 178–183.
• Sege, R. D., & Amaya-Jackson, L., American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, & National Center for Child Traumatic Stress. (2017). Clinical Report: Clinical Considerations Related to the Behavioral Manifestations of Child Maltreatment. Pediatrics, 139(4): e1-13.
• Shanley, J. R., Shropshire, D., & Bonner, B. L. (2009). To Report or Not Report: A Physician’s Dilemma. AMA Journal of Ethics, State of the Art and Science, 11(2).
• Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., & AAP. (2012/2016). Technical Report: The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), 232-246.
• Southammakosane, C., & Schmitz, K. (2015). Pediatric Psychopharmacology for Treatment of ADHD, Depression, and Anxiety. Pediatrics, 136(2): 351-9.
• Soleimanpour, S., Geierstanger, S., & Brindis, C. (2017). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Resilience: Addressing the Unique Needs of Adolescents. Academic Pediatrics, 17(7): S108-S114.
• Szilagyi, M., Kerker, B. D., Storfer-Isser, A., Stein, R. E., Garner, A., O’Connor, K. G, . . . McCue Horwitz, S. (2016). Factors Associated With Whether Pediatricians Inquire About Parents' Adverse Childhood Experiences. Academic Pediatrics, 16(7):668-75.
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Trauma and Justice Strategic Initiative. (2014). Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach.
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, GAINS Center. (n.d.). How Being Trauma Informed Improves Criminal Justice System Responses. Fact Sheet: Historical Trauma.
• Texas Department of Family and Protective Services. (2020). Texas Department of Family and Protective Services Data Book.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Texas Health Steps Checkup Components.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Texas Health Steps Periodicity Schedule.
• Texas Medicaid & Healthcare Partnership. (2021). Texas Medicaid Provider Procedures Manual (TMPPM).
• Texas State Legislature. (2011). Texas Family Code. The Parent-Child Relationship and the Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship.
• The Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. (2019). 2016/2017 NSCH Fact Sheets on ACEs.
• The Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. (n.d.). ACEs Project. Childhood Trauma and Positive Health.
• The Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Texas Fact Sheet 2019.
• Turney, K., & Wildeman, C. (2016). Mental and Physical Health of Children in Foster Care. Pediatrics, 138(5): e20161118.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau. (2018). Child Maltreatment 2018.
• U.S. Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime. (2013). Through Our Eyes: Children, Violence, and Trauma—Introduction video.

Helpful Resources

• American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). AAP Mental Health Initiatives.
• Center for Pediatric Traumatic Stress. (2010). Culturally-Sensitive Trauma-Informed Care. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.
• Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (n.d.). Toxic Stress.
• Johnson, S. B., Riley, A. W., Granger, D. A., & Riis, J. (2013). The Science of Early Life Toxic Stress for Pediatric Practice and Advocacy. Pediatrics, 131(2), 319-327.
• National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (n.d.). Military and Veteran Families and Children.
• U.S. Department of Justice Attorney General’s National Task Force on Children Exposed to Violence. (2012). Defending Childhood: Protect, Heal, Thrive: Report of the Attorney General's National Task Force on Children Exposed to Violence final report.

Patients and Families

• Find Treatment. Substance use treatment locator from the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
• National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Families and Caregivers web page of resources.
• Parenting After Trauma: Understanding Your Child’s Needs. A Guide for Foster and Adoptive Parents. A guide from the AAP that explains how trauma affects children and provides tips for making them feel safe. Pediatricians can copy and provide this handout to foster and adoptive parents.
• Partnering with Parents: Apps for Raising Happy Healthy Children. A booklet with phone numbers, cell phone apps, ideas and websites for all types of caregivers of children.
• National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Resources for birth parents, adoptive parents, resource or foster parents, grandparents, caregivers and all others who care for children and adolescents.
• The Trauma Informed Care Project. Publications, links, videos and books focused on understanding, recognizing and responding to the effects of all types of trauma.
• Sesame Street in Communities. Videos and other resources to educate and help children deal with ACEs such as divorce and incarceration of a loved one.
• Triple P - Positive Parenting Program. Triple P is an evidence-based program that gives caregivers simple and practical strategies to help them build strong and healthy relationships, confidently manage their children’s behavior, and prevent problems from developing.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Child Welfare Information Gateway. Resources on Trauma for Caregivers and Families.
• U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Resources for Parents and Caregivers.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

• Adelman, R. D., Tmanova, L. L., Delgado, D., Dion, S., & Lachs, M. S. (2014). Caregiver Burden: A Clinical Review. JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association, 311(10), 1052-1060.
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2020). ADHD and the Brain.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, healthychildren.org. (2020). Non-Stimulant Medications Available for ADHD Treatment.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Integrative Medicine (2016). Mind-Body Therapies in Children and Youth. Pediatrics, 138(3), e20161896.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Children With Disabilities, Section on Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Bright Futures Steering Committee, & Medical Home Initiatives for Children With Special Needs Project Advisory Committee. (2006; reaffirmed 2014). Clinical Report: Identifying Infants and Young Children With Developmental Disorders in the Medical Home: An Algorithm for Developmental Surveillance and Screening. Pediatrics, 118, 405-420.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2002, reaffirmed 2008). Policy Statement: The Medical Home. Pediatrics, 110:184–186
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Mental Health Screening and Assessment Tools for Primary Care. ADHD scales. 
• Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Woodworth, K. Y., Lomedico, A., Hyder, L. L., & Farone, S. V. (2012). Adult outcome of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 16-year follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73(7), 941-50. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Symptoms and Diagnosis.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Treatment of ADHD.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Interview Health Survey 2016-2018. (2020). Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities Among U.S. Children Aged 3–17 Years.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Data and Statistics.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Milestones in Action.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Milestone Tracker app.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Parent Training in Behavior Management for ADHD.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Use of Complementary Health Approaches Among Children Aged 4–17 Years in the United States: National Health Interview Survey, 2007–2012. National Health Statistics Reports No. 78.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Association Between Diagnosed ADHD and Selected Characteristics Among Children Aged 4–17 Years: United States, 2011–2013. NCHS Data Brief No. 201.
• Chen, M., Lan, W., Bai, Y, Huang, K., Su, T., Tsai, S., . . . Hsu, J. (2016). Influence of Relative Age on Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Taiwanese Children. Journal of Pediatrics, 172, 162-7.
• Child Mind Institute. (2020). Side Effects of ADHD Medication.
• Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD). (2020). Myths and Misunderstandings.
• Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD). (2017). About ADHD.
• Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD). (2017). Detox diet for ADHD? Not so fast!
• Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Ghandour, R. M., Holbrook, J. R., Kogan, M. D., & Blumberg, S. J. (2018). Prevalence of parent-reported ADHD diagnosis and associated treatment among U.S. children and adolescents, 2016. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 47(2), 199-212.
• Hamed, A. M., Kauer, A. J., & Stevens, H. E. (2015). Why the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Matters. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 168. 
• Hiscock, H., Sciberras, E., Mensah, F., Gerner, B., Efron, D., Khano, S., & Oberklaid, F. (2015). Impact of a behavioural sleep intervention on symptoms and sleep in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and parental mental health: randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 350, h68. 
• Hoogman, M., Bralten, J., Hibar, D., Mennes, M., Zwiers, M., Schweren, L., . . . Franke, B. (2017). Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(4), 310-319. 
• Houck, G., Kendall, J., Miller, A., Morrell, P., & Wiebe, G. (2011). Self Concept in Children and Adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 26(3), 239–247. 
• My Little Villagers. (2015 video).
• National Alliance for Caregiving.
• National Institute for Children’s Health Quality. Vanderbilt Assessment Scales.
• Perera, F. P., Chang, H., Tang, D., Roen, E. L., Herbstman, J., Margolis, A., . . . Rauch, V. (2014). Early-Life Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and ADHD Behavior Problems. PLOS One, 9(11), e111670.
• Peterson, B. S., Rauh, V. A., Bansal, R., Hao, X., Toth, Z., Nati, G., . . . & Perera, F. (2015). Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollutants (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) on the Development of Brain White Matter, Cognition, and Behavior in Later Childhood. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(6),531-540.
• Stern, A., Agnew-Blais, J., Danese, A., Fisher, H. L., Jaffee, S. R., Matthews, T., Polanczyk, G. V., & Arseneault, L. (2018). Associations between abuse/neglect and ADHD from childhood to young adulthood: A prospective nationally-representative twin study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 81, 274–285. 
• Texas Department of Family and Protective Services. (2020). Child Protective Services.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. Case Management for Children and Pregnant Women. 
• Texas Department of State Health Services. Case Management Providers for Children and Pregnant Women.
• Texas Education Agency. Special Education Rules and Regulations.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Early Childhood Intervention.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Find your local mental health or behavioral health authority.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Take Time Texas.
• Texas Medicaid & Healthcare Partnership. (2020). Texas Medicaid Provider Procedures Manual.
• University of Michigan: Michigan Medicine. (2019). Overview of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Associated with ADHD. UMHS Attention Deficit Disorder Guideline. 
• Wolraich, M. L., Hagan, J. F., Allan, C., Chan, E., Davison, D., Earls, M., . . . AAP Subcommittee on Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. (2019). Clinical Practice
• Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20192528.

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were adapted or obtained from ADDitude, American Heart Association, Cognifit, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Fraxa Research Foundation, Healthline, KidsHealth from Nemours, MedlinePlus, Texas Education Agency and U.S. Department of Education.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

• Conrad N. Hilton Foundation Substance Use Prevention Initiative. (2020). Integration of Substance Use Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment into Pediatric Primary Care, Advancing Learning and Knowledge.
• Alexander, J., & Parsons, B. V. (1982). Functional family therapy. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2018). Teens: Alcohol and Other Drugs.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2019). Policy Statement: E-Cigarettes and Similar Devices.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2018). Bright Futures Developmental, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Screening and Assessment Forms.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Policy Statement: Substance Use Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment. Pediatrics, 138(1), e20161210.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). The Impact of Marijuana Policies on Youth: Clinical, Research, and Legal Update. Pediatrics, 135(3), 584-587.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). AAP substance use screening and intervention implementation guide.
• American Addiction Centers. (2021). Cough Syrup with Codeine Abuse, Also Known as Lean and Purple Drank.
• American Dental Association. (2018). Meth Mouth: How Methamphetamine Use Affects Dental Health.
• American Dental Association. (2019). Oral Health Topics: Methamphetamine.
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
• American Society of Addiction Medicine. (2018). Public Policy Statement on Prevention.
• American Society of Addiction Medicine. (n.d.). What is The ASAM Criteria?
• Boston Children’s Hospital, Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research. (2021). CRAFFT screening tool.
• Carney, B. L., Hadland, S. E., & Bagley, S. M. (2018). Medication treatment of adolescent opioid use disorder in primary care. Pediatrics in Review, 39(1), 43-45.
• Center for Adolescent Behavioral Health Research (CABHRe). CRAFFT tool.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). High-Risk Substance Use Among Youth.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019) High School YRBS – Texas 2019 Results.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). E-cigarette Use Among Middle and High School Students — United States, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 69(37);1310–1312.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Smoking & Tobacco Use: About Electronic Cigarettes (E-Cigarettes).
• Donohue, B., & Azrin, N. H. (2012). Treating adolescent substance abuse using family behavior therapy: A step-by-step approach. John Wiley & Sons.
• Hadland, S. E., Wharam, J. F., Schuster, M. A., Zhang, F., Samet, J. H., & Larochelle, M. R. (2017). Trends in Receipt of Buprenorphine and Naltrexone for Opioid Use Disorder Among Adolescents and Young Adults, 2001-2014. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(8): 747–755.
• Harm Reduction Coalition. (2020). Understanding Naloxone.
• Hasin, D. S., O’Brien, C. P., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz, K., Budney, A., . . . Grant, B. F. (2013). DSM-5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders: Recommendations and Rationale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(8): 834–851.
• Henggeler, S. W., & Schaeffer, C. M. (2016). Multisystemic therapy®: Clinical overview, outcomes, and implementation research. Family Process, 55(3), 514-528.
• Kelly, J. F., Wakeman, S. E., & Saitz, R. (2015). Stop Talking ‘Dirty’: Clinicians, Language, and Quality of Care for the Leading Cause of Preventable Death in the United States. American Journal of Medicine, editorial.
• Kulak, J., & Griswold, K. (2019). Adolescent Substance Use and Misuse: Recognition and Management. American Family Physician, 99(11):689-696.
• Levy, S., Mountain-Ray, S., Reynolds, J., Mendes, S. J., & Bromberg, J. (2018). A novel approach to treating adolescents with opioid use disorder in pediatric primary care. Substance Abuse, 39(2), 173181.
• Liddle, H. A., Dakof, G. A., Rowe, C. L., Henderson, C., Greenbaum, P., Wang, W., & Alberga, L. (2018). Multidimensional Family Therapy as a community-based alternative to residential treatment for adolescents with substance use and co-occurring mental health disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 90, 47-56.
• Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Abuse Services; Massachusetts Department of Mental Health, Division of Child and Adolescent Services; & Massachusetts Child Psychiatry Access Project. (2015). Adolescent SBIRT: Toolkit for Providers.
• National Council for Behavioral Health. (2019). Improving Adolescent Health: Facilitating Change for Excellence in SBIRT.
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2021). Underage Drinking Fact Sheet.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). Monitoring the Future: 2020 Overview Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). Cocaine.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). Words Matter: Terms to Use and Avoid When Talking About Addiction.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Marijuana Research Report: Is marijuana safe and effective as medicine?
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Marijuana Research Report (Letter From the Director (Nora D. Volkow, MD.).
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Addressing the Stigma that Surrounds Addiction.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). As 2020 Closes, Many Questions Remain about Youth Substance Use Trends.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Common Comorbidities with Substance Use Disorders.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Commonly Used Drugs Charts.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Inhalants.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Synthetic Cannabinoids (K2/Spice).
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Tobacco, Nicotine, and E-Cigarettes.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Synthetic Cathinones (“Bath Salts”).
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Drug Facts: Is Marijuana Medicine?
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Monitoring the Future 2020 Survey Results.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Research Report: Misuse of Prescription Drugs Research Report, Overview.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). Drug Facts: Marijuana.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). Heroin.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). Hallucinogens.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). Screening Tools for Adolescent Substance Use: NIDA Launches Two Brief Online Validated Adolescent Substance Use Screening Tools.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Heroin Research Report
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Media Guide: The Science of Drug Use and Addiction: The Basics.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Steroids and Other Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs) Research Report.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Prescription Stimulants.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). The Science of Drug Use and Addiction: The Basics.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2017). Over-the-Counter Medicines.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2016). Teens and E-cigarettes.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2014). Principles of Adolescent Substance Use Disorder Treatment: A Research-Based Guide.
• Palmer, A., Karakus, M., & Mark, T. (2019). Barriers Faced by Physicians in Screening for Substance Use Disorders Among Adolescents. Psychiatry Online, 10.1176/appi.ps.201800427.
• Parthasarathy, S., Kline-Simon, A., Jones, A., Hartman, L., Saba, K., Weisner, C., & Sterling, S. (2021). Three-Year Outcomes After Brief Treatment of Substance Use and Mood Symptoms. Pediatrics, 147(1), e2020009191.
• Child Mind Institute & Partnership to End Addiction. (2019). Substance Use + Mental Health in Teens and Young Adults: Your Guide to Recognizing and Addressing Co-occurring Disorders.
• Singh, T., Marynak, K., Arrazola, R. A., Cox, S., Rolle, I. V., & King, B. A. (2016). Vital Signs: Exposure to Electronic Cigarette Advertising Among Middle School and High School Students — United States, 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 64(52), 1403-8.
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021). Advisory: Screening and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020). Recovery and Recovery Support.
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019). Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Use Disorder Treatment. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series No. 35.
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration & Office of the Surgeon General. (2016). Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General's Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health (online). Chapter 4: Early Intervention, Treatment, and Management of Substance Use Disorders.
• Szapocznik, J., & Hervis, O. E. (2020). Introduction. In J. Szapocznik & O. E. Hervis, Brief strategic family therapy (p. 3–13). American Psychological Association.
• Texas Administrative Code. (2019) Health and Human Services. Informed consent for opiate use disorder individuals seeking treatment – youths ages 13 to 18.
• Texas Administrative Code. (2021). Department of State Health Services.
• Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission. (n.d.). Underage Drinking.
• Texas Health and Safety Code. Sec. 161.082. (Minor in possession law).
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2020). Yes Quit.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2019). Texas Health Data/ Youth Risk Behavior Survey.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Recovery-Oriented Systems of Care.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission & Texas Department of State Health Services. (2019). Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (E-Cigarette) Report.
• Texas Health Steps, Texas Health Steps Periodicity Schedule.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2020). Interventions for Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents: A Systematic Review.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. (2016). E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General—Executive Summary.
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2021). Get the Latest Facts on Teen Tobacco Use.
• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2018). Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions to Reduce Unhealthy Alcohol Use in Adolescents and Adults US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 320(18):1910-1928.
• Volkow, N. D. (2020). Stigma and the Toll of Addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 382,1289-1290.
• Welsh, J. W., & Hadland, S. E. (Eds.). (2019). Treating Adolescent Substance Use: A Clinician’s Guide. Springer International Publishing.

Helpful Resources

• Addiction Education Society. Information and educational resources about addiction, including blogs, parent support resources and lesson plans for educators.
• Addictions and Recovery.org, public education website maintained by Steven Melemis, MD, PhD, of Toronto, Canada, who specializes in addictions and mood disorders. The website provides information for individuals, families and health professionals.
• National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Educational materials for youths, parents and caregivers about the links between stress and substance use.
• Partnership to End Addiction, a nonprofit dedicated to reducing teen substance use and helping families impacted by addiction.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. YesQuit website. A wealth of resources for smokers who want to quit, including the toll-free Texas Quitline at: 877-937-7848 (877-Yes-Quit) for confidential counseling and support.
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration, online guide for families about how best to dispose of old medications: Disposal of Unused Medicines: What You Should Know.

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions in this module were obtained or adapted from Frontiers in Pediatrics, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Patients and Families

American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry: Oral Health FAQs for Families.

American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry: Patient Education.

American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry: My Children’s Teeth website.

American Academy of Pediatrics: Oral Health.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: My Water’s Fluoride, an online lookup for consumers interested in whether their local water system is fluoridated.

Materials from the National Maternal and Child Oral Health Resource Center at Georgetown University offer basic oral hygiene information specific to children with special health-care needs.

Partnership for Healthy Mouths, Healthy Lives: Oral health care website.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. 2-1-1 Texas.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Insurekidsnow.gov website offers an online Find a Dentist tool to help families locate a dentist near their home.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). A recommended short video of a dentist and his staff using the “D-Termined Program of Repetitive Tasking and Familiarization in Dentistry” behavioral management approach to help young children with ASD understand and feel comfortable with dental procedures.

Vanderbilt Kennedy Center: Oral Health for Children with Disabilities fact sheet.

Featured

• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). (2020). Policy on the Dental Home. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry, 2020:43-4.
• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2020). Caries-risk assessment and management for infants, children, and adolescents. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2020:243-7.
• Astasov-Frauenhoffer, M., & Kulik, E. M. (2021). Cariogenic Biofilms and Caries from Birth to Old Age. Monographs in Oral Science, 29:53-64.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP). (2021). Division of Oral Health at a Glance.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Children’s Oral Health.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Community Water Fluoridation: 2018 National Water Fluoridation Statistics.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Healthy People 2030: Oral Health Objectives.
• Machiulskiene, V., Campus, G., Carvalho, J. C. , Dige, I., Ekstrand, K. R., Jablonski-Momeni, A., . . . Nyvad, B. (2020). Terminology of Dental Caries and Dental Caries Management: Consensus Report of a Workshop Organized by ORCA and Cariology Research Group of IADR. Caries Research, 54(1):7-14.
• Fleming, E., & Afful, J. (2018). Prevalence of total and untreated dental caries among youth: United States, 2015–2016. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Data Brief 307.
• Office of the U.S. Surgeon General. (2003). National Call to Action to Promote Oral Health.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). First Dental Home.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2019). Texas 2-1-1.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). Vendor Drug Program.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2021). Healthy People 2030, Oral Conditions.

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were obtained or adapted from the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, the Mayo Clinic, ScienceDirect and the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured In Course

• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2006, reaffirmed 2014). Identifying Infants and Young Children With Developmental Disorders in the Medical Home: An Algorithm for Developmental Surveillance and Screening. Pediatrics, 118(1). 
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2002, reaffirmed 2008). Policy Statement: The Medical Home. Pediatrics, 110:184–186.
• Autism Speaks. (2020). Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA).
• Autism Speaks. (2020). ATN/AIR-P Toilet Training Guide.
• Bai, D., Yip, B. H. K., Windham, G.C., et al. (2019). Association of Genetic and Environmental Factors with Autism in a 5-Country Cohort. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Jul 17. 
• Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., et al. (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summary. 67(6):1–23.
• Bauman, M. L. (2010). Medical comorbidities in autism: challenges to diagnosis and treatment. Neurotherapeutics. 7(3):320–327
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Learn the Signs. Act Early. Developmental Milestones.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Autism Spectrum Disorder: Signs and Symptoms.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Science Summary: CDC Studies on Thimerosal in Vaccines. Fact Sheet.
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. (2013). American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.
• Glascoe, F. P., & Marks, K. P. (2011). Detecting children with developmental-behavioral problems: The value of collaborating with parents. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 53(2), 258-279.
• Gordon-Lipkin, E., Marvin, A. R., Kiely Law, J., & Lipkin, P. H. (2018). Anxiety and Mood Disorder in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD. Pediatrics 141 (4) e20171377.
• Hazlett, H. C., Gu, H., Munsell, B. C., Kim, S. H., Styner, M., Wolff, J. J. . . . Piven, J. (2017). Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder. Nature, 542(7641): 348-351. 
• Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., Myers, S.M., AAP Council on Children with Disabilities, Sectin on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. (2020). Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatrics. 145(1):e20193447
• McGuire, K., Fung, L. K., Hagopian, L., et al. (2016). Irritability and Problem Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Practice Pathway for Pediatric Primary Care. Pediatrics. 137(S2):e20152851L
• Myers, S. M., Johnson, C. P., & the American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Children With Disabilities. (2007). Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics, 120, 1162.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2020). Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Services Program.
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Autism: Beware of Potentially Dangerous Therapies and Products.
• White, P.H., Cooley, W.C.; Transitions Clinical Report Authoring Group; American Academy of Pediatrics; American Academy of Family Physicians; American College of Physicians. (2018). Supporting the health care transition from adolescence to adulthood in the medical home [published correction appears in Pediatrics. 2019;143(2):e20183610]. Pediatrics, 142(5):e20182587
• Wong, C., Odom, S. L., Hume, K. A., et al. (2015). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: a comprehensive review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(7):1951–1966
• Zuckerman, K., Lindly, O. J., & Sinche, B. K. (2015). Parental Concerns, Provider Response, and Timeliness of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis. The Journal of Pediatrics, 166: 1431-1439.

Definitions

The medical definitions in this module were obtained or adapted from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid, Fragilex.org, Jamanetwork.com, the Mayo Clinic, Medical News Today, Nationaleatingdisorders.org, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the National Poison Control Center, Research Autism, Rettsyndrome.org, Rettsyndromenews.com, Texas Children’s Hospital, Verdugo Hills Autism Project (VHAP), the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the University of North Carolina Autism Research Center and the University of Queensland.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP):

• Conduct disorder fact sheet. (2018).
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder fact sheet. (2019).
• When to seek referral or consultation with a CAP. (n.d.).
• Workforce issues. (2019).
• Workforce maps by state. (2018).

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP):

• 10 things parents can do to prevent suicide. (2015). HealthyChildren.org.
• Policy Statement: Addressing early childhood emotional and behavioral problems. (2016). Pediatrics, 138(6), e20163023;
• American Academy of Pediatrics provides guidance on helping children with mental health challenges. (2019).
• Anxiety in Teens is Rising: What’s Going On?
• Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 4th Edition. (2017).
• Calzo, J. P., Sonneville, K. R., Scherer, E. A., Jackson, B., & Austin, S. B. (2016). Gender conformity and use of laxatives and muscle-building products in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics, 138(2): e20154073.
• Children's hospitals admissions for suicidal thoughts, actions double during past decade. (2017). AAP News.
• Policy statement: Firearm-related injuries affecting the pediatric population. (2012/2016). Pediatrics, 130(5).
• Policy Statement: Mental Health Competencies for Pediatric Practice. (2019). Pediatrics, 144(5), e20192757.
• How emotional and behavioral disorders are treated. (2015).
• Legalizing Marijuana Not Good for Kids: AAP Policy Explained. (2019).
• Mental health initiatives.
• Substance Use Screening and Intervention Implementation Guide.
• Survey: Suicide, suicidal ideation encountered often in pediatric practice. (2019). AAP News.
• Study: Gunfire kills or injures more than 7,000 children per year. (2017).

American Psychiatric Association (APA):

• Treating bipolar disorder in kids and teens. (2020).
• American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Children’s mental health.
• Anxiety and Depression Association of America. (2015). Childhood anxiety disorders.
• Anxiety Disorders Association of America. (n.d.). Anxiety Disorders in Children.
• Beidas, R. S., Stewart, R. E., Walsh, L., Lucas, S., Downey, M. M., Jackson, K., Fernandez, T., & Mandell, D. S. (2015). Free, brief, and validated: Standardized instruments for low-resource mental health settings. Cognitive Behavioral Practice, 22(1), 5–19.
• Boston University, Center for Anxiety & Related Disorders. (n.d.). Specific phobias in children and adolescents.
• Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence. (2015). The truth about suicide and guns.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):

• Adolescent health. (n.d.).
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Other concerns and conditions.
• Autism spectrum disorder. (2017).
• Bauman, B. L., Ko, J. Y., Cox, S., D’Angelo, D. V., Warner, L., Folger, S., . . . Barfield, W. D. (2020). Vital Signs: Postpartum Depressive Symptoms and Provider Discussions About Perinatal Depression — United States, 2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 69, 575–581.
• Creamer, M. R., Jones, S. E., Gentzke, A. S., Jamal, A., & King, B. A. (2020). Tobacco Product Use Among High School Students — Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019.
• Curtin, S. C., & Heron, M. (2019). Death Rates Due to Suicide and Homicide Among Persons Aged 10–24: United States, 2000–2017.
• Data and statistics: Mental, behavioral, and developmental health of children. (2017).
• Depression among women. (2017).
• Guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain.
• High risk substance use among youth. (2020).
• Jones, C. M., Clayton, H. B., Deputy, N. P., Roehler, D. R., Ko, J. Y., Esser, M. B. . . . Hertz, M. F. (2020). Prescription Opioid Misuse and Use of Alcohol and Other Substances Among High School Students — Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019.
• Kochanek, K. D., Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., & Arias, E. (2019). National Vital Statistics Reports: Deaths: Final Data for 2017.
• Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Children. (2020).
• Smoking and tobacco use.

Child Mind Institute:

• Children’s Mental Health Report. (2020).
• How anxiety leads to disruptive behavior. (n.d.).
• Dabkowska, M., & Dabkowska-Mike, A. (2015). Risk Factors of Anxiety Disorders in Children.
• Everytown Research & Policy. (2019). Fact Sheet: The Impact of Gun Violence on Children and Teens.
• Goday, P., Huh, S., Silverman, A., Lukens, C., Dodrill, P., Cohen, S., … Phalen, J. (2019). Pediatric Feeding Disorder – Consensus Definition and Conceptual Framework. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 68(1), 124-129.
• Godoy, L., Hodgkinson, S., Robertson, H., Sham, E., Druskin, L., Wambach, C. G., . . . Long, M. (2019). Increasing Mental Health Engagement from Primary Care: The Potential Role of Family Navigation Pediatrics, 143(4), e20182418.
• Ghandour, R. M., Sherman, L. J., Vladutiu, C. J., Ali. M. M., Lynch, S. E., Bitsko, R. H., & Blumberg, S. J. (2018). Prevalence and treatment of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in U.S. children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 20, 256-67.
• Ladores, S., & Corcoran, J. (2019). Investigating postpartum depression in the adolescent mother using three potential qualitative approaches. Clinical medicine insights: Pediatrics, 13.
• Lebel, C., Walton, M., Letourneau, N., Giesbrecht, G. F., Kaplan, B. J., & Dewey, D. (2016). Prepartum and postpartum maternal depressive symptoms are related to children’s brain structure in preschool. Biological Psychiatry, 80(11).

Mental Health America:

• Mental health information. (n.d.).
• Conduct disorder. (n.d.).
• The state of mental health in America. (2021).
• Merck Manual. (2019). Overview of mental disorders in children and adolescents.

National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI):

• Anxiety disorders. (2017).
• Mental health by the numbers. (n.d.).
• Binge eating disorder: Overview and statistics.
• Other specified feeding or eating disorders. (n.d.)
• National Institutes of Health (NIH). (2015). Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS).

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH):

• Bipolar disorder in Children and Teens. (2020).
• Child and adolescent mental health. (2017).
• Eating disorders. (2017).
• Eating disorders: about more than food. (2018).
• Gordon, J., (2020). Piecing together the genetic puzzle of schizophrenia.
• Major depression. (2017).
• Mental illness. (2020).
• Perinatal depression. (n.d.).
• Schizophrenia. (2017). 
• Postpartum Support International. (n.d.) Postpartum psychosis.
• Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., & Cohen, J. A. (2011). PTSD in children and adolescents: Toward an empirically based algorithm. Depression and Anxiety, 28(9), 770-782.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA):

• Adults with SMI and Children/Youth with SED. (n.d.)
• Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2016). DSM-5 changes: Implications for child serious emotional disturbance (unpublished internal documentation).
• Improving life outcomes for children with history of mental health challenges and trauma. (2018).
• Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. (2017).
• People at Greater Risk of Suicide. (2020).
• Substance use disorders. (2020).
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC), Parameters Workgroup of the Psychiatric Executive Formulary Committee, Health and Specialty Care Division. (2019). Psychotropic medication utilization parameters for children and youth in Texas public behavioral health (6th version).

Texas Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC):

• Community Resource Coordination Groups (CRCGs) of Texas handbook. (2019).
• Texas Statewide Behavioral Health, Strategic Plan Update: 2017-2021. (2019).
• Texas Occupations Code, Sec. 159.005.

Texas System of Care. About us. (n.d.)

• The Incredible Years. (n.d.).
• Tobin, E. T., Hulkower, R. L., & Kaminski, J. W. (2017). Behavioral health integration in pediatric primary care: Considerations and opportunities for policymakers, planners, and providers. Milbank Memorial Fund report.
• Vo, M., Lau, J., & Rubinstein, M. (2016). Eating disorders in adolescent and young adult males: Presenting characteristics. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(4), 397–400.
• Whitney, D. G., & Peterson, M. D. (2019). US National and State-Level Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders and Disparities of Mental Health Care Use in Children. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(4), 389-391.
• Yang, H. (2017). How to approach feeding difficulties in young children. Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 60(12), 379-384.

Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were obtained or adapted from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Merriam-Webster and the Mayo Clinic.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical Protocols (in numerical order):

• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2017). ABM Clinical Protocol #3: Supplementary Feedings in the Healthy Term Breastfed Neonate, Revised 2017. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12(1).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2020). Bedsharing and Breastfeeding: The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol #6, Revision 2019. Breastfeeding Medicine, 15(1).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2010). ABM clinical protocol #7: Model Breastfeeding Policy—Revised 2010.   Breastfeeding Medicine, 5(4).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2016). ABM Clinical Protocol #10: Breastfeeding the Late Preterm Infant and Early Term Infants, Second Revision 2016. Breastfeeding Medicine, 11(10).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2018). ABM Clinical Protocol #12: Transitioning the Breastfeeding Preterm Infant from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit to Home, Revised 2018. Breastfeeding Medicine, 13 (4).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2015). ABM clinical protocol #13: Contraception during breastfeeding, Revised 2015. Breastfeeding Medicine, 10(1).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2021). ABM Clinical Protocol #14: Breastfeeding-Friendly Physician’s Office—Optimizing Care for Infants and Children. Breastfeeding Medicine, 16(3).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2016). ABM Clinical Protocol #16, Breastfeeding and the Hypotonic Infant, Revised 2016. Breastfeeding Medicine, 11(6).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2013). ABM Clinical Protocol #17: Guidelines for Breastfeeding Infants with Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, or Cleft Lip and Palate, Revised 2013. Breastfeeding Medicine, 8(4).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2015). ABM Clinical Protocol #19: Breastfeeding Promotion in the Prenatal Setting, Revision 2015. Breastfeeding medicine, 10(10), 451–457.
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2017). ABM Clinical Protocol #22: Guidelines for Management of Jaundice in the Breastfeeding Infant Equal to or Greater Than 35 Weeks’ Gestation. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12(5).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2016). ABM Clinical Protocol #23: Nonpharmacological Management of Procedure-Related Pain in the Breastfed Infant, Revised 2016. Breastfeeding Medicine, 11(9).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2016). ABM Clinical Protocol #26: Persistent Pain with Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine, 11(2).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2020). ABM Clinical Protocol #32: Management of Hyperlactation. Breastfeeding Medicine, 15(3).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2021). ABM Clinical Protocol #35: Supporting Breastfeeding During Maternal or Child Hospitalization. Breastfeeding Medicine, 16(9).
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (2022). ABM Clinical Protocol #36: The Mastitis Spectrum. Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(5).

Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2022) Recommended Core Competencies for Specialists Practicing Breastfeeding and Lactation Medicine. Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(7).

Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2021). Special Issue on Breastfeeding and the Black/African American Experience: Cultural, Sociological, and Health Dimensions Through an Equity Lens—Part 2. Breastfeeding Medicine, 16(6).

Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2019). Educational Objectives and Skills for the Physician with Respect to Breastfeeding, Revised 2018. Breastfeeding Medicine, 14(1).

Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2015). ABM Position on Breastfeeding—Revised 2015. Breastfeeding Medicine, 10(9).

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022). Technical Report: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022). Policy Statement: Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2022 Recommendations for Reducing Infant Deaths in the Sleep Environment.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022). Technical Report: Evidence Base for 2022 Updated Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment to Reduce the Risk of Sleep-Related Infant Deaths. 

American Academy of Pediatrics, healthychildren.org. (2022). Providing Breast Milk for Premature and Ill Newborns.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Breastfeeding Overview.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Breastfeeding Guidance Post Hospital Discharge for Mothers or Infants with Suspected or Confirmed SARS-Co V-2 Infection.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Breastfeeding Practice Tools for Health Professionals.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2018). Clinical Report: "Late-preterm" Infants: A Population at Risk. Pediatrics, 120(6), 1390-1401.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). Policy Statement: Donor Human Milk for the High-Risk Infant: Preparation, Safety, and Usage Options in the United States. Pediatrics, 139(1): e20163440.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents [pocket guide], 4th edition.

American College of Nurse-Midwives. (2016). Breastfeeding Position Statement.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019.) Committee Opinion, No. 569: Oral Health Care During Pregnancy and Through the Lifespan.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019.) Committee Opinion, No. 766: Approaches to Limit Interventions During Labor and Birth.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018.) Committee opinion No. 756: Optimizing Support for Breastfeeding as Part of Obstetric Practice.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). Committee Opinion No. 757: Screening for Perinatal Depression.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017.) Committee Opinion No. 711: Opioid Use and Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2016). Committee Opinion No. 533: Lead Screening During Pregnancy and Lactation.

American Heart Association. (2022). Breastfeeding reduces mothers’ cardiovascular disease risk. ScienceDaily, January 11.

Anstey, E. H., Chen, J., Elam-Evans, L. D., & Perrine, C. G. (2017). Racial and Geographic Differences in Breastfeeding — United States, 2011–2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 66: 723–727.

Asiodu, I. V., Bugg, K., & Palmquist, A. E. L. (2021). Achieving Breastfeeding Equity and Justice in Black Communities: Past, Present, and Future. Breastfeeding Medicine, 447-451.

Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. (2016). Healthy Term Newborn After Birth: AWHONN Practice Brief Number 5. AWHONN Practice Brief, 45(6), 842-844.

Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. (2014). Breastfeeding Position Statement.

Aydin, D., & Inal, S. (2019). Effects of breastfeeding and heel warming on pain levels during heel stick in neonates. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 25(3).

Azad, M. B., Vehling, L., Chan, D., Klopp, A., Nickel, N. C., McGavock, J. M., . . . Subbaraoz, P. (2018). Infant Feeding and Weight Gain: Separating Breast Milk From Breastfeeding and Formula From Food. Pediatrics, 142(4):e20181092.

Baby-Friendly USA. (2018). Guidelines and Evaluation Criteria for Facilities Seeking Baby-Friendly Designation.

Baby-Friendly USA. (2012). Baby-friendly hospital initiative.

Balogun, O. O., O'Sullivan, E. J., McFadden, A., Ota, E., Gavine, A., Garner, C. D., Renfrew, M. J., & MacGillivray, S. (2016). Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11,  CD001688.

Bartick, M. C., Schwarz, E. B., Green, B. D., Jegier, B. J., Reinhold, A. G., Colaizy, T. T., Bogen, D. L., Schaefer, A. J., & Stuebe, A. M. (2017). Suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: Maternal and pediatric health outcomes and costs. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 13(1).

Bertrand K. A., Hanan, N. J., Honerkamp-Smith, G., Best, B. M., & Chambers, C. D. (2018). Marijuana Use by Breastfeeding Mothers and Cannabinoid Concentrations in Breast Milk. Pediatrics, 142(3):e20181076.

Burnham, L., Knapp, K., Bugg, K., Nickel, N., Beliveau, P., Feldman-Winter, L., & Merewood, A. (2022). Mississippi CHAMPS: Decreasing Racial Inequities in Breastfeeding. Pediatric, 149 (2): e2020030502.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). COVID-19: Pregnant and Recently Pregnant People.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022) Women and Heart Disease.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Vaccination Safety for Breastfeeding Mothers.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) Scoring Algorithm.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Texas 2020 Report, CDC Survey of Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Breastfeeding Initiation Rates by County or County Equivalent in Texas.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). 2020 CDC Breastfeeding Report Card.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021) Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breastfeeding Initiation – United States, 2019. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 70(21);769-774.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Make Shots Less Stressful.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Breastfeeding.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Racial Disparities in Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration Among U.S. Infants Born in 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 68(34);745–748.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Vaccination Safety for Breastfeeding Mothers.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Breastfeeding Among U.S. Children Born 2009–2015, CDC National Immunization Survey.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Contraindications to Breastfeeding or Feeding Expressed Breast Milk to Infants.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Vitamin Supplementation.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Tobacco and E-Cigarettes.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Trends in Postpartum Depressive Symptoms — 27 States, 2004, 2008, and 2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 66:153–158.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). The CDC Guide to Strategies to Support Breastfeeding Mothers and Babies.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Hospital Support for Breastfeeding. Preventing Obesity Begins in Hospitals.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). How Doctors Can Help: The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding.

Chaudron, L. H., Szilagyi, P. G., Tang, W., Anson, E., Talbot, N. L., Wadkins, H. I. M., ... Wisner, K. L. (2010). Accuracy of Depression Screening Tools for Identifying Postpartum Depression Among Urban Mothers. Pediatrics, 125(3): e609-e617.

Consumer Product Safety Commission. (2021). CPSC Approves Major New Federal Safety Standard for Infant Sleep Products.  (Press Release).

Crenshaw, J. (2007). Care practice #6: No separation of mother and baby, with unlimited opportunities for breastfeeding. Journal of Perinatal Education, 16(3), 39-43.

Crowe, S., & Wright, T. (2021). Alcohol and breastfeeding: What are the risks? Contemporary OB/GYN Journal, 66(8).

Dennis, C. L., & McQueen, K. (2009). The relationship between infant-feeding outcomes and postpartum depression: A qualitative systematic review. Pediatrics, 123(4), e736-51.

Duke Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine. (2018). ABCs of Neonatal Jaundice: AAP guidelines, Bilirubin Basics, and Cholestasis.

Feldman-Winter, L., Kellams, A., Peter-Wohl, S., Taylor, J. S., Lee, K. G, Terrell, M. J., Noble, L., Maynor, A. R., Meek, J. Y., Stuebe, A. M. (2020). Evidence-Based Updates on the First Week of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Infants Greater than/equal to 35 Weeks. Pediatrics, 145.

Feldman-Winter, L., & Goldsmith, J. P. (2106). Safe Sleep and Skin-to-Skin Care in the Neonatal Period for Healthy Term Newborns. Pediatrics, 138(3): e20161889.

Feldman-Winter, L. B., Schanler, R. J., O’Connor, K. G., & Lawrence, R. A. (2008). Pediatricians and the promotion and support of breastfeeding. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162(12), 1142–1149.

Feltner, C., Weber, R. P., Stuebe, A., Grodensky, C. A., Orr, C., & Viswanathan, M. (2018). Breastfeeding Programs and Policies, Breastfeeding Uptake, and Maternal Health Outcomes in Developed Countries. Comparative Effectiveness Review, 210, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

Gunderson, E. P, Jacobs, D. R., Jr., Chiang, V., Lewis, C. E., Feng, J., Quesenberry, C. P., Jr., & Sidney, S. (2010). Duration of lactation and incidence of the metabolic syndrome in women of reproductive age according to gestational diabetes mellitus status: A 20-Year prospective study in CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults). Diabetes, 59(2), 495-504.

Hassan, B., & Zakerihamidi, M. (2017). The correlation between frequency and duration of breastfeeding and the severity of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Journal of Maternal & Fetal Neonatal Medicine, 31(4):457-463.

Institute of Medicine. Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies. (2011).

Islam, J., Broidy, L., Baird, K., Rahman, M., & Zobair, K. M. (2021). Early exclusive breastfeeding cessation and postpartum depression: Assessing the mediating and moderating role of maternal stress and social support. PLoS ONE, 16(5): e0251419.

Jones, K. M., Power, M. L., Queenan, J. T., & Schulkin, J. (2015). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine, 10(4): 186-196.

Kim, K. M., & Choi, J-W. (2020). Associations between breastfeeding and cognitive function in children from early childhood to school age: a prospective birth cohort study. International Breastfeeding Journal, 15(83).

Krol, K. M., & Grossman, T. (2018). Review article: Psychological Effects of Breastfeeding on Children and Mothers. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung – Gesundheitsschutz, 61(8): 977–985. (Translates from German to Federal Health Gazette, Health Research-Health Protection).

La Leche League International. (2015). Islamic and Cultural Practices in Breastfeeding.

Lawrence, R., & Lawrence, R. (2021). Breastfeeding: A guide for the medical profession, 9th Edition. Amarillo, TX: Hale Publishing.

Lee, J. (2017). Supporting Breastfeeding Moms at Work: How a Doctor's Note Can Make the Difference. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12(8):470-472.

Linares, A. M., Cartagena, D., & Rayens, M. K. (2020). “Las dos cosas” versus exclusive breastfeeding: A culturally and linguistically exploratory intervention study in Hispanic mothers living in Kentucky. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 33(6): e46–e56.

Lu, MC., Kotelchuck, M., Hogan, V., Jones, L., Wright, K., & Halfon, N. Closing the Black-White gap in birth outcomes: a life-course approach. Ethnicity and Disease. 2010 Winter; 20(1 0 2): S2–62-76.

Mahesh, P., Gunathunga, M. W., Arnold, S. M., Jayasinghe, C., Pathirana, S., Makarim, M. F., . . . Senanayake, S. J. (2018). Effectiveness of targeting fathers for breastfeeding promotion: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1140.

Maisels, J. M., Clune, S., Coleman, K., Gendelman, B., Kendall, A., McManus, S., & Smyth, M. (2014). The Natural History of Jaundice in Predominantly Breastfed Infants. Pediatrics, 134(2), e340-e345.

Mayo Clinic. (2022). Infant and Toddler Health.

Mayo Clinic. (2020). Female breast anatomy.

Mehrpisheh, S., Memarian, A., Ameri, M., & Saberi Isfeedvajani, M. (2020). The Importance of Breastfeeding Based on Rules and Qur’an. Hospital Practice Research, 5(2):37-41

Mennella, J. A., Yourshaw, L. M., & Morgan, L. K. (2007). Breastfeeding and smoking: short-term effects on infant feeding and sleep. Pediatrics, 120(3): 497-502.

National Archives and Records Administration. (2010). Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division, RIN 1235–ZA00, Reasonable Break Time for Nursing Mothers. Federal Register,  75(244): 80073.

National Association of County and City Health Officials & United States Breastfeeding Committee. (2021). Continuity of Care in Breastfeeding Support: A Blueprint for Communities.

Odom, E. C., Li, R., Scanlon, K. S., Perrine, C. G., & Grummer-Strawn, L. (2013). Reasons for earlier than desired cessation of breastfeeding. Pediatrics, 131(3), e726–e732.

Oxford University Press USA. (2015). Breastfeeding may prevent postpartum smoking relapse. ScienceDaily, April 16.

Parker, M. G., Stellwagen, L. M., Noble, L., Kim, J. H., Poindexter, B. B., & Puopolo. (2021). Promoting Human Milk and Breastfeeding for the Very Low Birth Weight Infant. Pediatrics, 148(5):e2021054272.

Peres, K. G., Cascaes, A. M., Peres, M. A., Demarco, F. F., Santos, I. S., Matijasevich, A., & Barros, A. J. D. (2015). Exclusive Breastfeeding and Risk of Dental Malocclusion. Pediatrics, 136(1), 2014-3276.

Pérez-Escamilla, R., Martinez, J. L., & Segura-Pérez, S. (2016). Impact of the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative on Breastfeeding and Child Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 12(3): 402-417.

Pope, C. J. & Mazmanian, D. (2016). Breastfeeding and Postpartum Depression: An Overview and Methodological Recommendations for Future Research. Depression Research and Treatment:4765310.

Preer, G., & Philipp, B. (2011). Understanding and managing breast milk jaundice. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 96: F461-F466.

Ramírez, D. S. R., Pérez, M. M. L., Pérez, M. C., Hernández, M. I. S., Pulido, S. M., Villacampa, L. P.  . . . Bello, M. A. G. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breast Milk after Vaccination. Pediatrics, 148(5): e2021052286.

Robinson, K., Fial, A., & Hanson, L. (2019). Racism, Bias, and Discrimination as Modifiable Barriers to Breastfeeding for African American Women: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 64(6): 734-742.

Rosenberg, A. (2022). Breastfeeding isn’t “free.” Here’s what it cost me. Washington Post, May 31.

Schiavo, J. H. (2011). Oral Health Literacy in the Dental Office: The Unrecognized Patient Risk Factor. Journal of Dental Hygiene, 85(4), 248-255.

Shah, M. H., Roshan, R., Parikh, T., Sathe, S., Vaidya, U., & Pandit, A. (2021). LATCH Score at Discharge: A Predictor of Weight Gain and Exclusive Breastfeeding at 6 Weeks in Term Healthy Babies. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 72(2): 48-52.

Shisler, S., Homish, G. G., Molnar, D. S., Schuetze, P., Colder, C.R., & Eiden, R.D. (2016). Predictors of Changes in Smoking from Third Trimester to 9 Months Postpartum. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18(1), 84–87.

Sowjanya, S. V. N. S., & Venugopalan, L. (2018). LATCH Score as a Predictor of Exclusive Breastfeeding at 6 Weeks Postpartum: A Prospective Cohort Study. Breastfeeding Medicine, 13(6).

Stuebe, A. M. (2015). Does breastfeeding prevent the metabolic syndrome, or does the metabolic syndrome prevent breastfeeding? Seminars in Perinatology, 39(4): 290-295.

Tamburini S., Shen N., Wu H. C., & Clemente J.C. (2016). The microbiome in early life: implications for health outcomes. Nature Medicine, 22:713–22.

Texas Department of State Health Services. (2021). Texas Position Statement on Infant Feeding, updated 2010.

Texas Department of State Health Services. (2021). Lead Questionnaires and Reporting Forms.

Texas Department of State Health Services. (2014). Cumulative Research on Breastfeeding Disparities Impacting African American & Hispanic Women.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2022). Breastmilkcounts.com.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2022). Breastmilkcounts.com, Working Moms web page.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2022). Texas WIC: Breast Pumps.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2019). 2018 Texas WIC Infant Feeding Practices Survey State Report.

Texas Health Steps, Anticipatory Guidance Provider Guide.

Texas Health Steps Periodicity Schedule.

Thompson, J., Tanabe, K., Moon, R. Y., Mitchell, E. A., McGarvey, C., Tappin, D., Blair, P. S., & Hauck, F. R. (2017). Duration of Breastfeeding and Risk of SIDS: An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis. Pediatrics,140(5), e20171324.

Tschiderer, L., Seekircher, L., Kunutsor, S. K., Peters, S. A. E., O’Keefe, L. M., & Willeit, P. (2022). Breastfeeding Is Associated with a Reduced Maternal Cardiovascular Risk: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Involving Data From 8 Studies and 1 192 700 Parous Women. Journal of the American Heart Association, 11:e022746.

U.S. Congress, Congress.gov. H.R.866 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Fairness For Breastfeeding Mothers Act of 2019.

U.S. Congress, Congress.gov. H.R.3182 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Safe Sleep for Babies Act of 2021.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2019). The Economic Impacts of Breastfeeding: A Focus on USDA’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).  Economic Research Report, Number 261.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). WIC Breastfeeding Support.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). WIC Breastfeeding Support, Common Questions and Challenges.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Healthcare.gov. (2022). Breastfeeding benefits.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2022). Marijuana and Pregnancy.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women’s Health. (2021). Supporting Nursing Moms at Work.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women’s Health. (2021). Business Case for Breastfeeding.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women’s Health. (2021). Making the decision to breastfeed.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Improve Maternal Health.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2018). Breastfeeding Programs and Policies, Breastfeeding Uptake, and Maternal Health Outcomes in Developed Countries.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Marijuana. What are Marijuana’s Long-Term Effects on the Brain?

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2017). What is weaning and how do it do it?

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding.

U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division. (2010). Fair Labor Standards Act: Break Time for Nursing Mothers Provision.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (n.d.). Healthy People 2030, Infants.

U.S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau. (n.d.). Employment Protections for Workers Who Are Pregnant or Nursing

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Policy Guidance Related to Pregnancy Discrimination.

U.S. National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus. (2015). Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding.

Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J. D., França, G . V. A., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., . . . Rollins, N. C. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st Century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet Series, Breastfeeding, 387(10017): 475-490.

Wagner, C. L., & Greer, F. R. (2008). Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 122(5): 1142-1152.

Walker, M. (2018). Mammary Dysbiosis. Clinical Lactation, 9 (3).

Washington State Department of Health. (2010). Nutrition Interventions for Children with Special Health Care Needs, Third Edition.

Watchmaker, B., Boyd, B., & Dugas, L. R. (2020). Newborn feeding recommendations and practices increase the risk of development of overweight and obesity. BMC Pediatrics, 20(104).

Weaver, J. M., Schofield, T. J., & Papp, L. M. (2018). Breastfeeding Duration Predicts Greater Maternal Sensitivity Over the Next Decade. Developmental Psychology, 54(2), 220–227.

Widstrom, A. M., Brimdyr, K., Svensson, K., Cadwell, K., & Nissen, E. (2019). Skin-to-skin contact the first hour after birth, underlying implications and clinical practice. Acta Paediatrica, 108(7): 1192-1204.

Widstrom A. M., Lilja G., Aaltomaa-Michalias P., Dahllöf, A., Lintula, M., & Nissen, E. (2011). Newborn behaviour to locate the breast when skin-to-skin: A possible method for enabling early self-regulation. Acta Paediatrica, 100:79–85.

World Health Organization. (2020). Skin-to-skin contact helps newborns breastfeed.

World Health Organization/UNICEF. (n.d.). Ten steps to successful breastfeeding.

Xue, Y., Morris, M., Ni, L., Guthrie, S. K., Zubieta, J. K., Gonzalez, K., McConnell, D. S., Domino, E. F. Venous plasma nicotine correlates of hormonal effects of tobacco smoking. Pharmacology Biochemistry Behavior, 95(2):209-15.

Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were obtained or adapted from the American Academy of Pediatrics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Clinical Lactation, Johns Hopkins Medicine, KidsHealth from Nemours, Mayo Clinic and National Library of Medicine.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

Adams, S., Cohen, E., Mahant, S., Friedman, J. N., MacCulloch, R., & Nicholas, D. B. (2013). Exploring the usefulness of comprehensive care plans for children with medical complexity (CMC): a qualitative study. BMC Pediatrics, 13(10).

Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality. (n.d.). Patient Centered Medical Home Resource Center.

Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality. (n.d.). 5 Key Functions of the Medical Home

American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Physicians, & American Osteopathic Association. (2007). Joint Principles of the Patient-Centered Medical Home. Patient Centered Primary Care Collaborative.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). A Medical Home Where Everybody Knows Your Name.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021): Practice Transformation.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Mental Health Initiatives.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Mental Health Initiatives, About Us.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). The Resilience Project.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). The Resilience Project: Creating a Medical Home.

American Academy of Pediatrics, healthychildren.org. (2021). Childhood Exposure to Violence.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Coding for Medical Home Visits.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2020). Promoting Optimal Development: Identifying Infants and Young Children with Developmental Disorders Through Developmental Surveillance and Screening. Pediatrics, 145(1):e20193449.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2018). Policy statement: Patient- and Family-Centered Care Coordination: A Framework for Integrating Care for Children and Youth Across Multiple Systems. Pediatrics, 133(5), e1451-e1460.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Policy Statement: Poverty and Child Health in the United States.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2013). AAP Immunization Resources Best Practices.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2008). Policy Statement: The Medical Home. Pediatrics, 110:184–186.

American Academy of Pediatrics, National Resource Center for Patient/Family-Centered Medical Home (Formerly the National Center for Medical Home Implementation). (n.d.).

American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Family Physicians, and American College of Physicians, Transitions Clinical Report Authoring Group. (2018). Clinical Report: Supporting the Health Care Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood in the Medical Home. Pediatrics, 128(1), 182-200.

American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2021). Definition of Dental Home.

American Board of Pediatrics. (2021). NCQA: Patient-Centered Medical Home or Specialty Practice (PCMH/PCSP).

American College of Physicians. (n.d.). ACP Practice Advisor.

Association of Maternal & Child Health Programs (AMCHP), the National Academy for State Health Policy (NASHP), & the Lucile Packard Foundation for Children’s Health. (2017). Standards for Systems of Care for Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs Version 2.0.

Center for Medical Home Improvement:

• Medical Home Index
• Medical Home Family Index

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Vaccine for HPV.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Public Health Professionals Gateway: The Use of Telehealth and Telemedicine in Public Health.

Cepelewicz, B. B. (2014). Text messaging with patients: Steps physicians must take to avoid liability. Medical Economics, 91(10), 42-3.

Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. 2019 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) data query. Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health supported by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB).

Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. (n.d.). Prior Year NSCH and NS-CSHCN Data Documents and Resources.

Children and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI). (2021). Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Screener.

Children and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI) CSHCN Screener: Fast Facts.

Desai, A. D., Jacob-Files, E. A., Wignall, J., Wang, G., Pratt, W., Mangione-Smith, R., & Britto, M. T. (2018). Caregiver and Health Care Provider Perspectives on Cloud-Based Shared Care Plans for Children With Medical Complexity. Hospital pediatrics, 8(7), 394–403.

Garcia-Huidobro, D., Shippee, N., Joseph-DiCaprio, J., O'Brien, J. M., & Svetaz, M. V. (2016). Effect of Patient-Centered Medical Home on Preventive Services for Adolescents and Young Adults. Pediatrics, 137(6):e20153813.

HealthIT.gov: Promoting Interoperability.

Kraft, C. (2014). Healthcare Texting: Right Format for Today's Families. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Experience National Conference & Exhibition.

The National Alliance to Advance Adolescent Health. Gottransition.org. (n.d.). Six core elements of health care transition.

National Resource Center for Patient/Family-Centered Medical Home. (n.d.). Coordinated Care.

National Resource Center for Patient/Family-Centered Medical Home. (n.d.). Family Engagement Quality Improvement Project.

National Resource Center for Patient/Family-Centered Medical Home. (n.d.). Co-Management Letter and Agreement.

National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (2021).

National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). (2021). Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) Recognition.

National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). (2019). White paper: How NCQA Patient-Centered Medical Homes Address Disparities.

National Institute for Children’s Health Quality (NICHQ). (2021). Our Body of Work.

Norwood, K. W. & Slayton, R. L. (2018). Clinical Report: Oral health care for children with developmental disabilities. Pediatrics, 113(3), 614-619.

Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. (2018). Regional Extension Centers.

Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative (PCPCC).

Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative (PCPCC). (2021). About Us.

Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative (PCPCC). (2021). Medical Neighborhood.

Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative (PCPCC). (2021). Support and Alignment Network.

Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative (PCPCC). (2014). Behavioral Health Integration into the PCMH.

Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative (PCPCC). (2014). The Medical Home’s Impact on Cost & Quality, An Annual Update of the Evidence, 2012-2013.

Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative (PCPCC). (2017). Behavioral Health Integration in Pediatric Primary Care: Considerations and Opportunities for Policymakers, Planners, and Providers. Sponsored by the Milbank Memorial Fund.

Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative (PCPCC). (2017). The Impact of Primary Care Practice Transformation on Cost, Quality, and Utilization.

Peikes, D., Zutshi, A., Genevro, J., Smith, K., Parchman, M., & Meyers, D. (2012). Early Evidence on the Patient-Centered Medical Home. Final Report. AHRQ Publication No. 12-0020-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

Sharifi, M., Dryden, E. M., Horan, C. M., Price, S., Marshall, R., Hacker, K., Finkelstein, J. A., & Taveras, E. M. (2013). Leveraging text messaging and mobile technology to support pediatric obesity-related behavior change: a qualitative study using parent focus groups and interviews. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(12), e272

Storck, L. (Feb 2017). Policy Statement: Texting in Healthcare. Online Journal of Nursing Informatics (OJNI), 21(1).

Texas Department of State Health Services. (2017). Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Services Program community-based partner organizations.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Services Program.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). First Dental Home.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). Medical Home Learning Collaborative.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). Mental Health Screening Tools. Texas Health Steps.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). Texas Health Steps.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission, Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Services Program. (2021). Family Support Services.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). Anticipatory Guidance Provider Guide. Texas Health Steps.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). Children’s Mental Health Child & Youth Assessment Services.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). Oral Evaluation & Fluoride Varnish in the Medical Home.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). Texas Health Steps Clinical Record Review Tool.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). Texas Health Steps Medical Providers .

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). Dental Providers.

Texas Medicaid & Healthcare Partnership. (2021). Texas Medicaid Provider Procedures Manual.

Texas Medicaid & Healthcare Partnership. (2021). Texas Medicaid Provider Procedures Manual, Telecommunication Services Handbook.

Texas Medicaid & Healthcare Partnership. (2021). Texas Medicaid Provider Procedure Manual (TMPPM), Children’s Services Handbook.

Texas Occupations Code, Sec. 111.001.

Texas Parent to Parent (TxP2P.org).

U.S. Census Bureau. (2019) Quick Facts – Texas.

U.S. Department of Human Services, HealthIT.gov. (2019). Promoting Interoperability.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2011). White paper: Coordinating Care in the Medical Neighborhood: Critical Components and Available Mechanisms.

U.S. Department of Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (n.d.). Healthy People 2030: Social Determinants of Health.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Certified Health Information Technology (IT) Product List.

USF (University of South Florida) Health, Morsani College of Medicine. (2020) Three Resources for Meaningful use Requirements.

Willcox, J. C., Dobson, R., & Whittaker, R. (2019). Old-Fashioned Technology in the Era of "Bling": Is There a Future for Text Messaging in Health Care?. Journal of medical Internet research, 21(12), e16630.

Additional

American Academy of Pediatrics, Medical Home Initiatives for Children With Special Needs Project Advisory Committee. (2002, Reaffirmed 2008). Policy statement: The medical home. Pediatrics, 110(1), 184-186.

Boudreau, A. A., Goodman, E., Kurowski, D., Perrin, J. M., Cooley, W. C., & Kuhlthau, K. (2014). Care Coordination and Unmet Specialty Care Among Children With Special Health Care Needs. [Abstract]. Pediatrics, 133(6). 1046-1053.

Elliott, V. S. (2012). Can a specialty practice be a patient-centered medical home? American Medical News.

Homer, C. J. & Baron, R. J. (2010). How to Scale Up Primary Care Transformation: What We Know and What We Need to Know? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(6), 625-629.

McManus, M. A., Pollack, L. R., Cooley, W. C., McAllister, J. W., Lotstein, D., Strickland, B., & Mann, M. Y. (2013). Current Status of Transition Preparation Among Youth With Special Needs in the United States. Pediatrics, 131(6), 1090-1097.

Mosquera, R. A., Avritscher, E. C., Samuels, C. L., Harris, T. S., Pedroza, C., Evans, P., . . . J. E. (2014). Effect of an Enhanced Medical Home on Serious Illness and Cost of Care Among High-Risk Children With Chronic Illness: A Randomized Clinical Trial. [Abstract.] Journal of the American Medical Association, 312(24). 2640-2648.

Schiavo, J. H. (2011). Oral Health Literacy in the Dental Office: The Unrecognized Patient Risk Factor. Journal of Dental Hygiene, 85(4), pp. 248-255.

Sia, C., Tonniges, T. F., Osterhus, E., & Taba, E. (2004). History of the Medical Home Concept. Pediatrics, 113(5):1473.

Helpful Resources

Parent Companion First Five Years, a bilingual website focusing on young children with disabilities that was created to comfort, inspire and connect parents to helpful disability resources.

Parent to Parent of New York State. (2013). Tip Sheets for Caregivers of Individuals with Special Health Care Needs.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). Services for Caregivers.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

• Adhia, A., Gordon, A. R., Roberts, A. L., Fitzmaurice, G. M., Hemenway, D., & Austin, S. B. (2019). Longitudinal Associations Between Bullying and Intimate Partner Violence Among Adolescents and Young Adults. Violence and Victims, 34(6), 1011–1029.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, Bright Futures. (2017). Promoting Safety and Injury Prevention.
• Armitage, R. (2021). Bullying in Children: Impact on Child Health. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 5(1): e000939.
• Basile, K. C., Clayton, H. B., DeGue, S., Gilford, J. W., Vagi, K. J., Suarez, N. A., Zwald, M. L., & Lowry, R. (2020). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interpersonal Violence Victimization Among High School Students — Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(1).
• Bass III, P. F., Scholer, S. J., Flannery, D. J., & Lichenstein, R. (2019). How to identify and treat bullying. Contemporary Pediatrics, 36(06): 30-34.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. (2020). Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2019.
• Koyanagi, A., Oh, H., Carvalho, A. F., Smith, L., Haro, J. M., Vancampfort, D., . . . DeVylder, J. E. (2019). Bullying victimization and suicide attempt among adolescents aged 12-15 years from 48 countries. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(9), 907-918.
• Logan, K., Cuff, S., LaBella, C. R., Brooks, M. A., Canty, G., Diamond, A. B., Hennrikus, W., Moffatt, K., Nemeth, B. A., Pengel, K. B., Peterson, A. R., & Stricker, P. R. (2019). Organized Sports for Children, Preadolescents, and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 143(6): e20190997.
• Stephens, M. M., Cook-Fasano, H. T., & Sibbaluca, K. (2018). Childhood Bullying: Implications for Physicians. American Family Physician, 97(3):187-192.
• Toseeb, U., & Wolke, D. (2021). Sibling Bullying: A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Associations with Positive and Negative Mental Health during Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. StopBullying.gov.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, StopBullying.gov. Fact Sheet: Teach Digital Citizenship Skills to Prevent Cyberbullying.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory: Protecting Youth Mental Health. (2021).
• Wolke, D., Tippett, N., & Dantchev, S. (2015). Bullying in the Family: Sibling Bullying. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(10):917-929.

Patients and Families

• American Academy of Pediatrics, Patient Education. (2021). Bullying: It’s Not OK.
• Johns Hopkins Medicine, Health Encyclopedia. Bullying: Anticipatory Guidance for Parents – Pediatric.
• Nemours KidsHealth. Dealing with Bullies. (In Spanish).
• Nemours TeensHealth. Sexual Harassment and Sexual Bullying.
• PACER’s National Bullying Prevention Center. Offers a wealth of information about bullying and how to prevent it, including Bullying Prevention 101 handouts for elementary school students, middle school and high school students, and parents; a 4-part handout series with comprehensive information for students and adults about how to help someone experiencing bullying and how to address bullying in the community; a Kids Against Bullying website and a Teens Against Bullying website.
• Stomp Out Bullying, a national nonprofit dedicated to ending bullying.   
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources. StopBullying.gov.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, StopBullying.gov. “Be Someone’s Hero,” a video, in English and with Spanish subtitles, about how to be an upstander.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured in the Course

• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2019). Recommendations for Pediatricians, Family Practitioners, Psychiatrists, and Non-physician Mental Health Practitioners.
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2018). Suicide in Children and Teens. Facts for Families, No. 10, updated June 2018.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, Cheung, A. H., Zuckerbrot, R. A., Jensen, P. S. Laraque, D., & Stein, R. E. K. (2018). Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part II. Practice Preparation, Identification, Assessment, and Initial Management. Pediatrics, 141(3): e20174082.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, healthychildren.org. (2018). AAP Policy Statement: How Pediatricians Can Advocate for Children’s Health by Collaborating with Public Health Professionals. (News release).
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 4th edition.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Clinical Report: Suicide and Suicide Attempts in Adolescents. Pediatrics, 138(1): e20161420.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Policy Statement: Firearm-Related Injuries Affecting the Pediatric Population. Pediatrics,130(5).
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2008). Policy Statement: The Medical Home. Pediatrics, 110:184–186.
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Committee on Obstetric Practice. (2018). ACOG Committee Opinion: Screening for Perinatal Depression.
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–5th Edition (DSM-5). (Payment required).
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorders.
• Anxiety and Depression Association of America. (2021) Diverse Communities.
• Birmaher, B., & Brent, D. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1503-1526.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Deaths: Leading Causes for 2018. National Vital Statistics Reports, 70(4).
• Chentsova-Dutton, Y., Ryder, A., & Tsai, J. L. (2015). Understanding depression across cultural contexts. In I. Gotlib & C. Hammen (Eds.). Handbook of Depression, 3rd edition (pp. 337-352). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Cheung, A. H., Zuckerbrot, R. A., Jensen, P. S., Laraque, D., Stein, R. E. K., & GLAD-PC Steering Group. (2018). Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part II. Treatment and Ongoing Management. Pediatrics, 141(3): e20174082.
• Constantino, J. N., Strom, S., Bunis, M., Nadler, C., Rodgers, T., LePage, J., . . . Wilson, A. (2020). Toward Actionable Practice Parameters for “Dual Diagnosis”: Principles of Assessment and Management for Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Intellectual/Developmental Disability. Current Psychiatry Reports, 22, Article 9.
• Cooper, W. O., Callahan, S. T., Shintani, A., Fuchs, D. C., Shelton, R. C., Dudley, J. A., … Ray, W. A., (2014). Antidepressants and Suicide Attempts in Children. Pediatrics, 133:204–210.
• Cuijpers, P., Stringaris, A., & Wolpert, M. (2020). Treatment outcomes for depression: challenges and opportunities. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(11), p925-927.
• Cummings, C., Caporino, N., & Kendall, P. (2014). Comorbidity of Anxiety and Depression in Children and Adolescents: 20 Years After. Psychology Bulletin, 140(3): 816–845.
• Curry, J., Silva, S., Rohde, P., Ginsburg, G., Kratochvil, C., Simons, A., … March, J. (2010). Recovery and recurrence following treatment for adolescent major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(3): e1-e8.
• Del Vecchio, P. (2018). The Good News about Preventing Adolescent Depression. Prevention Science, 19(Supplement 1): 112.
• Emslie, G. J., Mayes, T., Porta, G., Vitiello, B., Clarke, G., Wagner, K. D., … Brent, D. (2010). Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA): Week 24 Outcomes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7): 782-791.
• Emslie, G. J., Kennard, B. D., Mayes, T. L., Nightingale-Teresi, J., Carmody, T., Hughes, C. W., … Rintelmann, J. W. (2008). Fluoxetine versus placebo in preventing relapse of major depression in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 459-467.
• Hawes, M. T., Szenczy, A. K., Klein, D. N., Hajcak, G., & Nelson, B. D. (2021). Increases in depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Medicine, 1-9.
• Hertz, M. F., Donato, I., & Wright, J. (2013). Bullying and Suicide: A Public Health Approach. Journal of Adolescent Health (Editorial), 53: S1eS3.
• Hoge, E., Bickham, D., & Cantor, J. (2017). Digital Media, Anxiety, and Depression in Children. Pediatrics, 140: Supplement 2.
• Hunt, M. G., Young, J., Marx, R., & Lipson, C. (2018). No More FOMO: Limiting Social Media Decreases Loneliness and Depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(10):751-768. [Abstract].
• Kim, J., Chan, Y., McCauley, E. & Vander Stoep, A. (2016). Parent-Child Discrepancies in Reporting of Child Depression in Ethnic Groups. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 12(6): 374–380.
• Konac, D., Young, K. S., Lau, J., & Barker, E. D. (2021). Comorbidity Between Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents: Bridge Symptoms and Relevance of Risk and Protective Factors. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 43(3): 583–596.
• Leeb, R. T., Bitsko, R., Radhakrishnan, L., Martinez, P. Njai, R., & Holland, K. M. (2020). Mental Health–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Children Aged <18 Years During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 1–October 17, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(45). 
• Liu, C. H., Zhang, E., Wong, G. T. F., Hyun., S.,& Hahm, H. (2020). Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health. Psychiatry Research, 290: 113172.
• Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., . . . Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(11), 1218–1239.e3.
• Lu, W., Muñoz-Laboy, M., & Sohler, N. (2021). Trends and Disparities in Treatment for Co-occurring Major Depression and Substance Use Disorders Among US Adolescents From 2011 to 2019. JAMA Network Open, 4(10): e2130280.
• Luby, J. L., Gaffrey, M. S., Tillman, R., April, L. M., & Belden, A. C. (2014). Trajectories of Preschool Disorders to Full DSM Depression at School Age and Early Adolescence: Continuity of Preschool Depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171:7, 768–776.
• Luxton, D. D., June, J. D., & Fairall, J. M. (2012). Social media and suicide: a public health perspective. American Journal of Public Health, 102(Supplement 2): S195-200.
• Mayne, S. L., Hannan, C.; Davis, M.; Young, J. F., Kelly, M. K., Powell, M., . . . Fiks, A. G. (2021) COVID-19 and Adolescent Depression and Suicide Risk Screening Outcomes. Pediatrics, 148 (3): e2021051507.
• Mayo Clinic. (2019). Self-injury/Cutting.
• MDWise. (2014). Clinical Care Guidelines for: Major Depression in Children and Adolescents.
• Mojtabai, R., & Olfson, M. (2020). National Trends in Mental Health Care for US Adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(7):703-714.
• Munir, K. (2016). The co-occurrence of mental disorders in children and adolescents with intellectual disability/intellectual developmental disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 29(2), p 95-102.
• National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2021). Mental Health in Texas.
• National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI). (2019). LBGTQ: How Do Mental Health Conditions Affect The LGBTQ Community?
• National Institute of Mental Health. (2018). Depression.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Why is there comorbidity between substance use disorders and mental illnesses?
• National Institute for Mental Health. (2021). Prevalence of Major Depressive Episode Among Adolescents.
• Richardson, L. P., McCauley, E., Grossman, D. C., McCarty, C. A., Richards, J., Russo, J. E., Rockhill, C., & Katon, W. (2010). Evaluation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item for detecting major depression among adolescents. Pediatrics, 126, 1117-1123.
• Smith, V. C., Wilson, C. R., & AAP Committee on Substance Use and Prevention. (2016). Families Affected by Parental Substance Use. Pediatrics, 138(2): e20161575.
• Stanley, B. & Brown, G. K. (2016). Safety Planning Intervention. Suicidesafetyplan.com.
• Stewart, S. L., Vasudeva, A. S., Van Dyke, J. N., & Poss, J. W. (2021). Child and youth mental health needs and service utilization during COVID-19. Traumatology. Advance online publication of the American Psychological Association.
• Sutton, M. (2000). Improving patient care: cultural competence. Family Practice Management, 7(9):58-60.
• Texas Department of Family and Protective Services. (2019). Report Abuse, Neglect, or Exploitation.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2014). The Mental Health Workforce Shortage in Texas.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2018). Texas Health Steps Periodicity Schedule for Infants, Children, and Adolescents.
• Texas Occupations Code: Title 3, Health Professions, Subtitle B, Physicians, Chapter 159, Physician-Patient Communication.
• U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory (2021). Protecting Youth Mental Health.
• Zuckerbrot, R. A., Cheung, A., Jensen, P. S., Stein, R. E. K., Laraque, D., & GLAD-PC Steering Group. (2018). Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC). Pediatrics, 141(3): e20174081.
• Zuckerbrot, R., & Cheung, A. (2018). Treating depression in youths: AAP endorses updated GLAD-PC guidelines. AAP News.

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were adapted or obtained from the American Psychiatric Association, the federal Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–5th Edition (DSM-5), Columbia University Medical Center, Mayo Clinic, Merriam-Webster, the National Institute of Mental Health, PsychCentral, the Suicide Prevention Resource Center, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and WebMD.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2021). Recommendations for Pediatricians, Family Practitioners, Psychiatrists, and Non-physician Mental Health Practitioners.
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2017). Anxiety and Children.
• American Academy of Family Physicians. Cultural competence self-test for physicians.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Interim Guidance on Supporting the Emotional and Behavioral Health Needs of Children, Adolescents, and Families During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). “Where We Stand: Gun Safety.”
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2019). Policy Statement: Mental Health Competencies for Pediatric Practice. Pediatrics, 144(5): e20192757.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, healthychildren.org. (2019). Anxiety in Teens is Rising: What's Going On?
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2018). Policy Statement: How Pediatricians Can Advocate for Children’s Health by Collaborating with Public Health Professionals.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Clinical Report: Mind-Body Therapies in Children and Youth. Pediatrics, 138:3.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Clinical Report: Families Affected by Parental Substance Use. Pediatrics, 138(2):e20161575.
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM–5.
• Anxiety and Depression Association of America. (2015). Childhood Anxiety Disorders.
• Bitsko, R. H., Holbrook, J. R., Ghandour, R. M., Blumberg, S. J., Visser, S. N., Perou, R., & Walkup, J. T. (2018). Epidemiology and Impact of Health Care Provider–Diagnosed Anxiety and Depression Among U.S. Children. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 39(5), 395-403.
• Brew, B. K., Lundholm, C., Gong, T., Larsson, H., & Almqvist, C. (2018). Familial aggregation of atopic diseases and depression or anxiety in children. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 48(6), 703–711.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Anxiety and Depression in Children: Get the Facts.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Children’s Mental Health: Anxiety and Depression in Children.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. (2018). Use of Yoga, Meditation, and Chiropractors Among U.S. Children Aged 4–17 Years, NCHS Data Brief 324.
• Child Mind Institute. (2022). What to do (and not to do) when children are anxious.
• Child Mind Institute. (2018). 2018 Children’s Mental Health Report: Understanding Anxiety in Children and Teens.
• Cobham, V. E., Hickling, A., Kimball, H., Thomas, H. J., Scott, J. G., & Middeldorp, C. M. (2020). Systematic review: anxiety in children and adolescents with chronic medical conditions. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59 (5), 595-618.
• Cohodes, E. M., & Gee, D. G. (2017). Developmental Neurobiology of Anxiety and Related Disorders. Neuroscience.
• Connolly, S. (n.d.). Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Presentation by the director, University of Illinois at Chicago Pediatric Stress and Anxiety Disorders Clinic.
• Cornell University. (2022). What is self-injury?
• Dabkowska, M., & Dabkowska-Mika, A. (2015). A Fresh Look at Anxiety Disorders. Chapter: Risk Factors of Anxiety Disorders in Children. IntechOpen.
• Dudeney, J., Sharpe, L., Jaffe, A., Jones, E. B., & Hunt, C. (2017). Anxiety in youth with asthma: A meta-analysis. Pediatric Pulmonology, 52(9): 1121-1129.
• Essau, C. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Lim, J. X., Ho, M. R., & Rohde, P. (2018). Incidence, recurrence and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in four major developmental stages. Journal of Affective Disorders, 228, 248–253.
• Georgetown University, Health Information Group and Bright Futures. (2019). Cultural Concepts of Distress, from Addressing Mental Health Concerns, Module 14. Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity.
• Hoge, E., Bickham, D., & Cantor, J. (2017). Digital Media, Anxiety, and Depression in Children. Pediatrics, 140(Suppl 2):S76-S80.
• Lawrence, P. J., Murayama, K., & Creswell, C. (2019). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Offspring of Parents With Anxiety Disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(1):46-60.
• Lebowitz, E. R., Marin, C., Martino, A., Shimshoni, Y., & Silverman, W. K. (2020). Parent-Based Treatment as Efficacious as Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Childhood Anxiety: A Randomized Noninferiority Study of Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(3), P362-372.
• Lebowitz, E. R., Omer, H., Hermes, H., & Scahill, L. (2014). Parent Training for Childhood Anxiety Disorders: The SPACE Program. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 21(4), 456–469.
• Leeb, R. T., Bitsko, R. H., Radhakrishnan, L., Martinez, P., Njai, R., & Holland, K. M. (2020). Mental Health–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Children Aged <18 Years During the COVID-19 Pandemic—United States, January 1–October 17, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 69:1675–1680.
• Leonte, K. G., Puliafico, A., Na, A., & Rynn, M. (2019). Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Up-to-Date.
• Lindberg, L., Hagman, E., Danielsson, P., Marcus, C., & Persson, M. (2020). Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with obesity: a nationwide study in Sweden. BMC Medicine, 18(1):30.
• Mayo Clinic (2021). Self injury/cutting.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Common Comorbidities with Substance Use Disorders.
• Norman, K. R., Silverman, W. K., & Lebowitz, E. R. (2015). Family Accommodation of Child and Adolescent Anxiety: Mechanisms, Assessment, and Treatment. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 28(3): 131-140.
• Osgood, K., Sheldon-Dean, H., & Kimball, H. (2021). 2021 Children’s Mental Health Report: What we know about the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on children’s mental health –– and what we don’t know. Child Mind Institute.
• Pentz, J., & Simkin, D. R. (2016). The Use of Meditation in Children With Mental Health Issues. Psychiatric Times, 13/11.
• Runyon, K., Chesnut, S. R., & Burley, H. (2018). Screening for childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 240:220-229.
• Scott, A. J., Sharpe, L., Loomes, M., & Gandy, M. (2020). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Anxiety and Depression in Youth with Epilepsy. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 45(2):L 133-144.
• Southammakosane, C., & Schmitz, K. (2015). Pediatric Psychopharmacology for Treatment of ADHD, Depression, and Anxiety. Pediatrics, 136:2.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2021). Protecting Youth Mental Health: The U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory.
• Wang, S., Sun, Q., Zhai, L., Bai, Y., Wei, W., & Jia, L. (2019). The prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among overweight/obese and non-overweight/non-obese children/adolescents in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 340.
• Wehry, A. M., Beesdo-Baum, K., Hennely, M. M., Connolly, S. D., & Strawn, J. R. (2015). Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(7): 591.
• Weitzman, C. C., & Bridgemohan, C. (2019). Up to 30% of youths will develop anxiety disorders; how you can help. American Academy of Pediatrics News, Jan. 15.
• YouthSuicideWarningSigns.org. (n.d.). Healthcare Professionals: Youth Suicide Warning Signs.

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were adapted or obtained from the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth Edition (DSM-5), American Psychological Association, Cambridge Dictionary, Frontiers in Psychology, Healthline.com, Indiana University, Mayo Clinic, Neuroscience, Oxford University Press, PsychCentral and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Policy Statement: Providing Care for Infants Born at Home. Pediatrics, 145(5): e20200626.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2012). Policy Statement: Endorsement of Health and Human Services Recommendation for Pulse Oximetry Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics, 129(1): 190-192.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2002). Policy Statement: The Medical Home. Pediatrics, 110:184–186.
• Bakker, M. K., Bergman, J. E. H., Krikov, S., Amar, E., Cocchi, G., Cragan, J., . . . Botto, L. D. (2019). Prenatal diagnosis and prevalence of critical congenital heart defects: an international retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 9(7).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Critical Congenital Heart Defects.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Data and Statistics on Congenital Heart Defects: Number of babies born with CCHD in U.S.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Changes in Home Births by Race and Hispanic Origin and State of Residence of Mother: United States, 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. National Vital Statistics Reports, 70(15).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Actions in Support of Newborn Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease — United States, 2011–2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 68:107–111.
• Diller, C. L., Kelleman, M. S., Kupke, K. G., Quary, S. C., Kochilas, L. K., & Oster, M. E. (2018). A Modified Algorithm for Critical Congenital Heart Disease Screening Using Pulse Oximetry. Pediatrics, 141(5).
• Garg, L. C., Van Naarden Braun, K., Knapp, M. M., Anderson, T. M., Koppel, R. K., Hirsch, D., . . . Kemper, A. R. (2015). Results From the New Jersey Statewide Critical Congenital Heart Defects Screening Program. Pediatrics, 132(2), e314-e323.
• Gong, A., Guillory, C., Creel, L., Livingtson, J. E., McKee-Garrett, T-M., & Fortunov, R. (2017). A Multicenter Initiative for Critical Congenital Heart Disease Newborn Screening in Texas Neonatal Intensive Care Units. American Journal of Perinatology, 34(09): 839-844.
• Hom, L. A., Chan Salcedo, C., Revenis, M. & Martin, G. R. (2019). Quality Improvement Interventions to Improve Critical Congenital Heart Disease Screening. Pediatric Quality and Safety, 4(5): e221.
• Jawin, V., Ang, H. L., Omar, A., & Thong, M. K. (2015). Newborn Screening Using Pulse Oximetry for Neonatal Sepsis and Respiratory Diseases in a Middle-Income Country. PLoS One, 10(9):e0137580.
• Kemper, A. R., Mahlo, W. T., Martin, G. R., Cooley, W. C., Kumar, P., Morrow, W. R., Howell, R. R. (2011). Strategies for Implementing Screening for CCHD. Pediatrics, 128(5), e1259-1267.
• Knapp, A. A., Metterville, D. R., Kemper, A. R., Prosser, L., & Perrin, J. M. (2010). Evidence Review: Critical Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau.
• Mahle, W. T., Newburger, J. W., Matherne, G. P., Smith, F. C., Hoke, T. R., Koppel, R., American Heart Association, & American Academy of Pediatrics. (2009). Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: A scientific statement from the AHA and the AAP. Pediatrics, 124(2):823-36.
• March of Dimes. (n.d.). Fact Sheet: Support Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease (CCHD) as part of the state newborn screening panel.
• Martin, G. R., Ewer, A. K., Gaviglio, A., Hom, L. A., Saarinen, A., Sontag, M, . . . Oster, M. E. (2020). Special Article: Updated Strategies for Pulse Oximetry Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics, 146(1): e20191650.
• Martin, G. R., Beekman, R. H., Fasules, J., Garg, L. F., Kemper, A. R., Mahle, W. R., . . .  Pearson, G. D. (2013). Special Article: Implementing recommended screening for critical congenital heart disease. Pediatrics, 132, e185-192.
• Mayo Clinic. (2021). Patent Ductus Arteriosus.
• McClain, M. R., Hokanson, J. S., Grazel, R., Van Naarden Braun, K., Gaarg, L. F., Morris, M. R., . . . Sontag, M. K. (2017). Critical Congenital Heart Disease Newborn Screening Implementation: Lessons Learned. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21, 1240–1249 
• Oster, M. (2019). Newborn screening for critical congenital heart disease using pulse oximetry. UptoDate.
• Oster, M. E., Aucott, S. W., Glidewell, J., Hackell, J., Kochilas, L., Martin, G. R., . . . Kemper, A. R. (2016). Special Article: Lessons Learned From Newborn Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Defects. Pediatrics, 137(5): e20154573.
• Peterson, C., Dawson, A., Grosse, S. D., Riehle-Colarusso, T., Olney, R. S., Tanner, J. P., & Cassell, C. H. (2013). Hospitalizations, Costs, and Mortality among Infants with Critical Congenital Heart Disease: How Important Is Timely Detection? Birth Defects Research, 97(10), 664-672.
• Plana M. N., Zamora, J., Suresh, G., Fernandez-Pineda, L., Thangaratinam, S., & Ewer, A. K. (2018). Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart defects. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 
• Samuel, T. Y., Goldberg, S., Lahav, S., Mandel, D., Mimouni, F. B., Picard, E., & Bromiker, R. (2013). Newborn oxygen saturation at mild altitude versus sea level: implications for neonatal screening for critical congenital heart disease. Acta Paediatrica, 102(4), 379-384.
• Singh, Y., & Chen, S. E. (2022). Impact of pulse oximetry screening to detect congenital heart defects: 5 years’ experience in a UK regional neonatal unit. European Journal of Pediatrics, 181:813–821
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2021). Critical Congenital Heart Disease - Frequently Asked Questions.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2021). Newborn Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease in Texas.
• Texas Pulse Oximetry Project. (2021). CCHD Toolkit.
• Texas Pulse Oximetry Project. (2013). Video on CCHD.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration. (2020). U.S. Recommended Uniform Screening Panel.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research. (2013). Transitioning Newborns from NICU to Home: A Resource Toolkit.
• West Virginia Perinatal Partnership. (2013). Critical Congenital Heart Disease Screening Program Toolkit, 4th Edition.

Patients and Families

• Baby’s First Test. CCHD information and videos.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. Critical Congenital Heart Disease bilingual Parent Education Brochures.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Information for families about Medicaid benefits and pediatric health-care services.
• Texas Health Steps, information about finding a health-care provider and getting a ride to a checkup.
• Texas Health Steps Periodicity Schedule.
• Utah Department of Health. FAQs and other CCHD information for families.

Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were adapted or obtained from the American Academy of Pediatrics; the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the federal Health Resources and Services Administration; the March of Dimes; the Mayo Clinic; the National Library of Medicine; Stanford Medicine; the University of California, San Francisco; the U.S. National Library of Medicine and WebMD.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Patients and Families

Be a Prepared Patient. The Center for Advancing Health website offers resources to help patients communicate with health-care providers, understand medical checkups, prescriptions, medical tests, and other subjects. 

Speak Up. The Joint Commission offers bilingual Speak Up materials to help patients and families understand the health-care process. Videos for children are also included.

Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing: Tips for Working with Your Doctor, from the American Academy of Family Physicians.

How to Talk with the Doctor, a bilingual tip sheet from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Featured

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (HHS). (2015). Health Literacy Universal Precautions Toolkit, 2nd Edition. 
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). Policy Statement: Enhancing pediatric workforce diversity and providing culturally effective pediatric care: implications for practice, education, and policy making. Pediatrics, 132(4):1105-1116.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2013). Policy Statement: Office-based care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth. Pediatrics. 132(1):198-203.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Bioethics. (2011). Policy Statement: Informed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 95(2):314-317.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2008). Policy Statement: The Medical Home. Pediatrics, 110:184–186.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2007). Policy Statement: Contraception and Adolescence. Pediatrics, 120(5):e1135-e1148.
• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2018). Oral Health Policies & Recommendations (The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry), 40(6):18-19, p. 12.
• American College of Physicians. (2012). Ethics Manual, Sixth Edition.
• American Dental Association. (n.d.) Principals of Ethics and Code of Conduct.
• American Medical Association. (n.d.) Physician Exercise of Conscience. Code of Medical Ethics.
• American Psychological Association. (2018). APA Dictionary of Psychology.
• Berlin, E. A., & Fowkes, W. C., Jr. (1983). A teaching framework for cross-cultural health care. Western Journal of Medicine, 139:934-938.
• Betancourt, J. R. (2006). Cultural competence and medical education: many names, many perspectives, one goal. Academic Medicine, 81(6):499-501.
• Brakman, A., Ellsworth, T. R., & Gold, M. (2015). Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth grouped, show increased risk for unintended pregnancy. AHC Media.
• Campinha-Bacote, J. (2011). Delivering Patient-Centered Care in the Midst of a Cultural Conflict: The Role of Cultural Competence. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 16(2) Manuscript 5, May 31.
• Carrese, J., Malek, J., Watson, K., Lehmann, L. S., Green, M. J., McCullough, L. B, . . . Doukas, D. J. (2015). The Essential Role of Medical Ethics Education in Achieving Professionalism: The Romanell Report. Academic Medicine, 90(6). 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Transgender Identity and Experiences of Violence Victimization, Substance Use, Suicide Risk, and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among High School Students—19 States and Large Urban School Districts, 2017. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68:67-71.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Practical Strategies for Culturally Competent Evaluation. 
• Derrington, S. F., Paquette, E., & Johnson, K. A. (2018). Cross-cultural Interactions and Shared Decision-making. Pediatrics, 142(Supplement 3):S187-S192.
• Eddey, G. E. & Robey, K. L. (2005). Considering the culture of disability in cultural competence education. Academic Medicine, 80(7):706-712.
• Equality Texas. (2019). Texas State of Equality Report. 
• Frieden, J. (2019). Want Your Practice to Be Seen as LGBTQ-Inclusive? Drop Some Clues. MedPage Today, October 14. 
• Gattamorta, K. A., Salerno, J. P., & Castro, A. J. (2019). Intersectionality and Health Behaviors Among US High School Students: Examining Race/Ethnicity, Sexual Identity, and Sex. Journal of School Health. 89(10):800-808. 
• Georgetown University, Health Policy Institute. (n.d.). Cultural Competence in Health Care: Is it important for people with chronic conditions?
• Hancock, T. U. (2005). Culturally effective health care in the assessment of poor Mexican families in the rural southeastern United States. Child Welfare, 84(5):689-711.
• Hersh, L., Salzman, B., & Snyderman, D. (2015). Health Literacy in Primary Care Practice. American Family Physician, 92(2):118-24.
• Jackson, R. (2006). Parental Health Literacy and Children’s Dental Health: Implications for the Future. Pediatric Dentistry, 28(1).
• Jecker, N. S., Carrese, J. A., & Pearlman, R. A. (1995). Caring for patients in cross-cultural settings. Hastings Center Report, 25(1):6-14.
• Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2017). Physicians Vastly Underestimate Patients’ Willingness to Share Sexual Orientation, Study Finds. (news release)
• The Joint Commission and the California Endowment. (2011). Advancing Effective Communication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care for the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Community: A Field Guide. 
• Juckett, G. (2005). Cross-cultural medicine. American Family Physician, 72(11): 2267-2274.
• Kesselheim, J. C., Johnson, J., & Joffe, S. (2008). Pediatricians’ Reports of Their Education in Ethics. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 162(4):368-373.
• Kleiman, S. (2006). Discovering cultural aspects of nurse-patient relationships. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 13(2):83-86.
• Kodjo, C. (2009). Cultural Competence in Clinician Communication. Pediatrics in Review, 30(2):57-e64.
• Kuo, D. Z, & Turchi, R. M. (2010). Best practices: Kids with special healthcare needs. Contemporary Pediatrics, Aug. 1.
• Levin, S., Like, R., & Gottlieb, J. (2000). ETHNIC: A framework for culturally competent clinical practice. In Appendix: Useful Clinical Interviewing Mnemonics. Patient Care, 34(9):188-189.
• Lipson, J., & Dibble, S. (2005). Culture & Clinical Care. School of Nursing Press, University of California, San Francisco. (textbook for purchase online.)
• National LGBT Health Education Center, A Program of the Fenway Institute. (2016). Understanding the Health Needs of LGBT People. 
• Nielson-Bohlman, L., Panzer, A. M., Hamlin, B., & Kindig, D. A. (2004). Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
• Perkins, H. S. (2006). Ethics Expertise and Cultural Competence. AMA Journal of Ethics, Virtual Mentor, 8(2):79-83.
• Scandurra, C., Mezza, F., Maldonato, N. M., Bottone, M., Bochicchio, V., Valerio, P., & Vitelli, R. (2019). Health of Non-binary and Genderqueer People: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 01453.
• Schiavo, J. H. (2011). “Oral Health Literacy in the Dental Office: The Unrecognized Patient Risk Factor.” Journal of Dental Hygiene, 85(4):248-255.
• Spring Institute for Intercultural Learning. (2019). “The Role of Cultural Competence on Delivering Patient-Centered Care.”
• Texas Demographic Center. (2018). TDC Estimates Download Tool (for state population).
• Texas Department of State Health Services, Health Professions Resource Center. (2018). Texas Projections of Supply and Demand for Primary Care Physicians and Psychiatrists, 2017 – 2030.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (n.d.). Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Services Program.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (n.d.). Disability Etiquette.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (n.d.). Office for the Elimination of Health Disparities.
• The Texas Tribune. (2015). Interactive: Demographics of State Doctors, Health Care Professionals.
• Thornton, R. G. (2000). Informed Consent. Baylor University Medical Center, Proceedings.
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2015). Selected Social Characteristics in the United States.
• Migration Policy Institute. (2019). State Immigration Data Profiles: Texas.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health. (n.d.). Think Cultural Health.
• U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2014). What is Informed Consent.

Additional

• Health Literacy Coalition of Central Texas. (2014). 
• Voices of Transgender Adolescents in Healthcare (video). (2015). University of Michigan Health System Adolescent Health Initiative.

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions in this module were obtained or adapted from American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, American Psychological Association, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Human Rights Campaign, Independent Living Institute, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Mayo Clinic, and Syracuse University. 

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2020). Principles of Financing the Medical Home for Children. Pediatrics, 145(1): e20193451.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2019). Technical Report: Incorporating Recognition and Management of Perinatal Depression Into Pediatric Practice. Pediatrics, 143(1), e20183259.
• American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement. (2006/2014). Identifying Infants and Young Children with Developmental Disorders in the Medical Home: An Algorithm for Developmental Surveillance and Screening. Pediatrics, 118(1), 405-420.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2002/2008). Policy Statement: The Medical Home. Pediatrics, 110, 184–186.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Why Act Early if You’re Concerned about Development?
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Data & Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder: Prevalence.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Increase in Developmental Disabilities Among Children in the United States.
• The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Policy Lab. (2014). Watch Them Thrive: The Case for Developmental Screening.
• Glascoe, F. P., & Marks, K. P. (2011). Detecting children with developmental-behavioral problems: The value of collaborating with parents. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 53(2), 258-279.
• Mackrides, P. S., & Ryherd, S. J. (2011). Screening for developmental delay. American Family Physician, 84(5), 544-9.
• Marceau, L., Sices, L., Ranganathan, G., Coleman, J., Zuckerman, B. (2018). Effect of a Web-based Course for Pediatricians on Communication About Developmental Screening. Pediatrics, 141 (1 Meeting Abstract) 28.
• Raspa, M., Levis, D. M., Kish-Doto, J., Wallace, I., Rice, C., Barger, B., Green, K. K., & Wolf, R. B. (2015). Examining Parents' Experiences and Information Needs Regarding Early Identification of Developmental Delays: Qualitative Research to Inform a Public Health Campaign. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 36(8), 575–585. 
• U.S. Department of Education. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Amendments of 1990 to 1997.
• Zablotsky, B., Black, L. I., Maenner, M. J., Schieve, L. A., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Blumberg, S. J., Kogan, M. D., & Boyle, C. A. (2019). Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the US: 2009–2017. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20190811.

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions in this module were obtained or adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

 

 

• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Policy Statement: Media and Young Minds. Pediatrics, 138(5): e20162591.
• American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020.
• American Diabetes Association. (2013). Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2012. Diabetes Care, 36(4): 1033–1046. (Abstract).
• Butwicka, A., Frisén, L., Almqvist, C., Zethelius, B., & Lichtenstein, P. (2015). Risks of Psychiatric Disorders and Suicide Attempts in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 38(3): 453-459.
• Callaghan, T., Ferdinand, A. O., Akinlotan, M. A., Towne, S. D., & Bolin, J. (2019). The Changing Landscape of Diabetes Mortality in the United States Across Region and Rurality, 1999‐2016. Journal of Rural Health, 36(3), 410-415. [Abstract]
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). National Diabetes Statistical Report, 2020.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Disparities in Diabetes Deaths Among Children and Adolescents — United States, 2000–2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 66(19), 502–505.
• Chiang, J. L., Kirkman, M. S., Laffel, L. M. B., & Peters, A. L., on behalf of the Type 1 Diabetes Sourcebook Authors. (2014). Type 1 Diabetes Through the Life Span: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 37(7), 2034-2054.
• Dabelea, D., Stafford, J. M., & Mayer-Davis, E. J., D’Agustino Jr., A., Dolan, L., Imperatore, G., . . . Pihoker, C. (2017). Association of Type 1 Diabetes vs Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed During Childhood and Adolescence With Complications During Teenage Years and Young Adulthood.  JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 317(8): 825-835.
• Dabelea, D., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Saydah, S., Imperatore, G., Linder, B., Divers, J., … Hamman, R. F. (2014). Prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Among Children and Adolescents From 2001 to 2009. [Abstract]. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 311(17), 1778-1786.
• ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(S27): 155-177.
• Nwosu, B. N. (2013). Double Diabetes: The Search for a Treatment Paradigm in Children and Adolescents. Hot Topics in Endocrine and Endocrine-Related Diseases, M. Fedele (Ed.), DOI: 10.5772/53314.
• Spiegel, G., Bortsov, A., Bishop, F. K., Owen, D., Kingensmith, G. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., & Maahs, D.M. (2012). Randomized nutrition education intervention to improve carbohydrate counting in adolescents with type 1 diabetes study: is more intensive education needed? Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 112(11): 1736-46.
• Southwest Rural Health Research Center. (2018). The Burden of Diabetes in Rural America.
• Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation. (2016). Dietitians Administrative Rules. 
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission, Vendor Drug Program. Glucagon 1 mg Emergency Kit general information.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2018). Texas Medicaid and Texas Diabetes Council Coordination Report.

 

 

Additional

• Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. (n.d.). Find an Expert.
• Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists (formerly American Association of Diabetes Educators. (2020). Find a Diabetes Education Program.
• American Diabetes Association. (2020). Diabetes Food Hub.
• Anderson, B. J., Holmbeck, G., Iannotti, R. J., McKay, S. V., Lochrie, A., Volkening, L. K., & Laffel, L. (2009). Dyadic measures of the parent-child relationship during the transition to adolescence and glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes. Families, Systems, & Health, 27(2), 141-152.
• Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado College of Medicine. (n.d.).
• Berg, C. A., King, P. S., Butler, J. M., Pham, P., Palmer, D., & Wiebe, D. J. (2010). Parental Involvement and Adolescents’ Diabetes Management: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 36(3).
• Billings, L, K., & Florez, J. C. (2010). The genetics of type 2 diabetes: What have we learned from GWAS? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1212(1), Blackwell Publishing Inc.
• Bishop, F. K., Maahs, D. M., Spiegel, G., Owen, D., Klingensmith, G. J., Bortsov, A., Thomas, J., & Mayer-Davis, E. J. (2009). The carbohydrate counting in adolescents with type 1 diabetes study. Diabetes Spectrum, 22(1), 56-62.
• Brink, S., Joel, D., Laffel, L., Lee, W. W. R., Olsen, B., Phelan, H., & Hanas, R. (2014). Sick day management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 15(Suppl. 20): 193–202
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Diabetes Public Health Resources. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). National Diabetes Statistics Report Estimate of Diabetes and its Burden in the United States.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). National Diabetes Education Program. (2020). 
• Chase, H. P., & Maahs, D. (2012). Understanding diabetes. Children’s Diabetes Foundation at Denver.
• Children with Diabetes, Inc. (2017). Glucagon Emergency Kit.
• Copeland, K, C., Silverstein, J., Moore, K. R., Prazar, G. E., Raymer, T., Shiffman, R. N., … Flinn, S. K. (2013). AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of newly diagnosed type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 131(2), 364-382.
• Dabelea, D., Rewers, A., Stafford, J. M., Standiford, D. A., Lawrence, J. M., Saydah, S., …. Pihoker, C. (2014). Trends in the Prevalence of Ketoacidosis in Diabetes Diagnosis: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Pediatrics, 133(4): e938-e945.
• Delahanty, L. M., & Halford, B. N. (1993). The Role of Diet Behaviors in Achieving Improved Glycemic Control in Intensively Treated Patients in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. [Abstract]. Diabetes Care, 16(11), 1453-8.
• DeSisto, C. L., Kim, S. Y., & Sharma, A. J. (2014). Prevalence Estimates of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the United States, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2007–2010. [Abstract]. Preventing Chronic Disease, 11:130415.
• Endotext. (2013).
• Entringer, S., Buss, C., Swanson, J. M., Cooper, D. M., Wing, D. A., Waffarn, F., & Wadhwa, P. D. (2012). Fetal programming of body composition, obesity, and metabolic function: The role of intrauterine stress and stress biology. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, doi:10.1155/2012/632548. 
• Fedewa, M. V., Gist, N. H., Evans, E. M., & Dishman, R. K. (2014). Exercise and Insulin Resistance in Youth: A Meta-Analysis. [Abstract]. Pediatrics, 133(1): e163-e174. 
• Hill-Briggs, F., Lazo, M., Peyrot, M., Doswell, A., Chang, Y., Hill, M. N., Levine, D., Wang, N., & Brancati, F. L. (2011). Effect of Problem-Solving-Based Diabetes Self-Management Training on Diabetes Control in a Low Income Patient Sample. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(9), 972-978.
• Joslin Diabetes Center. (2020).
• JDRF. (2020)
• Mayer-Davis, E. J., Lawrence, J. M., Dabelea, D., Divers, J., Isom, S., Dolan, L., Imperatore, G., Linder, B., Marcovina, S., Pettitt, D. J., Pihoker, C., Saydah, S., & Wagenknecht, L. (2017). Incidence Trends of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes among Youths, 2002–2012. New England Medical Journal, 376:1419-1429.
• Miller, R. G., Secrest, A. M., Sharma, R. K., Songer, T. J., & Orchard, T. J. (2012). Improvements in the Life Expectancy of Type 1 Diabetes: The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study Cohort. Diabetes, 61(11), 2987-2992.
• Nadella, S., Indyk, J. A., & Kamboj, M. K. (2017). Management of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents: engaging in physical activity. Translational Pediatrics, 6(3): 215-224.
• National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. (2020).
• National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). (2007). Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) Procedures Manual.
• Rewers, A., Klingensmith, G., Davis, C., Petitti, D. B., Pihoker, C., Rodriguez, B., … Dabelea, D. (2008). Presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in youth: the Search for Diabetes in Youth Study. [Abstract]. Pediatrics, 121(5): e1258-66.
• Scheiner, G. & Schwartz, S. (2013). The Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Management of Type-1 and Type-2 Diabetes. In J. Vora & J. Buse (Eds.), Evidence-Based Management of Diabetes (pp. 91-110).
• Seifert, S. M., Schaechter, J. L., Hershorin, E. R., & Lipshultz, S. E. (2011). Health Effects of Energy Drinks on Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults. Pediatrics, 127(3), 511-52. 
• Silverstein, J., Klingensmith, G., Copeland, K., Plotnick, L., Kaufman, F., Laffel, L., Deeb, L., Grey, M., Anderson, B., Holzmeister, L. A., & Clark, N. (2005). Care of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care; 28(1): 186-212. 
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2018). FAQs: Implementation of Laws on Screening for Type 2 Diabetes.
• Texas Diabetes Council. (2020).
• Texas Diabetes Council. (2017). Texas Diabetes Council Tool Kit: Algorithms & Guidelines.
• TODAY Study Group. (2012). A Clinical Trial to Maintain Glycemic Control in Youth with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 366, 2247-2256.
• Tripathi, A., Rizvi, A. A., Knight, L. M., & Jerrell, J. M. (2012). Prevalence and impact of initial misclassification of pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus. [Abstract]. Southern Medical Journal, 105(10), 513-7.
• University of Washington and Washington State Oral Health Program. (2010). Oral Health Fact Sheet for Dental Professionals: Children with Type 1 Diabetes.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Helping the Student with Diabetes Succeed.

Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were obtained from the American Diabetes Association, Mayo Clinic, Merck Manual, U.S. National Library of Medicine, and WebMD.

Helpful Resources

• Aging and Disability Resource Centers (ADRCs) operated by the Texas Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC). The centers are welcoming and offer information about state and federal health benefits as well as local programs and services. The trained staff can connect caregivers with services such as home care, meals, transportation, legal help, attendant care, respite support and housing. Visit the ADRC website for a list of resource center locations in Texas.
• American Diabetes Association. Loved Ones: Managing Diabetes, a web page with educational resources for families.
• American Diabetes Association. Help for Parents web page.
• Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists. Resources for People Living with Diabetes
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Living with Diabetes website, which offers a variety of educational information.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Diabetes Education Program. Resources for Children and Teens.
• National Alliance for Caregiving.
• Navigate Life Texas, a multilingual website created by parents for parents of children with disabilities and special health-care needs. This site offers comprehensive, relevant and reliable information for families, professionals, advocates and anyone working with children who have disabilities and their families. Sponsored by the Texas Interagency Task Force on Children with Special Needs.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Family Support Services, a program to help families care for children with special health-care needs at home. Services are provided by the Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Services Program.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. Diabetes in Children website.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Take Time Texas, provides assistance with respite care.
• Texas Parent to Parent, a parent-led organization that offers peer support for parents of children with special health-care needs.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Clinical Report: Identification and Management of Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 147(1):e2020040279.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Clinical Report: Preventing Obesity and Eating Disorders in Adolescents. Pediatrics; 138(3).
• American Psychiatric Association. (2017). What are Eating Disorders?
• Arikawa, A., Ross, J., Wright, L., Elmore, M., Marrero Gonzalez, A., & Wallace, T. C. (2020). Results of an Online Survey about Food Insecurity and Eating Disorder Behaviors Administered to a Volunteer Sample of Self-Described LGBTQ+ Young Adults Aged 18 to 35 Years. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, S2212-2672(20):31341-1.
• Bello, N. T., & Yeomans, B. L. (2017). Safety of pharmacotherapy options for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 17(1):17-23.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Overweight & Obesity: Defining Childhood Obesity.
• Chapa, D., Kite, B. A., Forbush, K. T., Tregarthen, J. P., & Argue, S. (2020). Eating-disorder psychopathology and driven exercise change models: A latent change score analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, Nov 3.
• Ciao, A. C., Lebow, J., VandenLangenberg, E., Ohls, O., & Berg K. C. (2020). A qualitative examination of adolescent and parent perspectives on early identification and early response to eating disorders. Eating Disorders,1-18.
• O’Connell, M., Boat, T., & Warner, K. (2009). Committee on the Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children, Youth, and Young Adults: Research Advances and Promising Interventions.
• Cotton, M., Ball, C., & Robinson, P. (2003). Four Simple Questions Can Help Screen for Eating Disorders. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18(1): 53–56.
• Deloitte Access Economics. (2020). Social and economic cost of eating disorders in the United States of America. Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health’s Strategic Training Initiative for the Prevention of Eating Disorders and the Academy for Eating Disorders.
• Deloitte Access Economics. (2020). Social & economic cost of eating disorders in Texas. Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health’s Strategic Training Initiative for the Prevention of Eating Disorders and the Academy for Eating Disorders.
• Desai, N. (2019). The Role of Motivational Interviewing in Children and Adolescents in Pediatric Care. Pediatrics Annals, 48(9):e376-e379.
• Ellis, J. M., Essayli, J. H., Zickgraf, H. F., Rossi, J., Hlavka, R., Carels, R. A., & Whited, M. C. (2020). Comparing stigmatizing attitudes toward anorexia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder, and subthreshold eating behaviors in college students. Eating Behaviors, 39:101443.
• Eskander, N., Chakrapani, S., & Ghani, M.R. (2020). The Risk of Substance Use Among Adolescents and Adults With Eating Disorders. Cureus, 12(9): e10309.
• Goldstein, M. A., Dechant, E. J., & Beresin, E. V. (2011). Eating Disorders. Pediatrics in Review, 32(12): 508-521.
• Gonzales, M., & Blashill, A. (2020). Ethnic/racial and gender differences in body image disorders among a diverse sample of sexual minority U.S. adults. Body Image, 36:64-73.
• Griffiths, S., Mond, J. M., Murray, S. B., & Touyz, S. (2015). The prevalence and adverse associations of stigmatization in people with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(6):767-74.
• Hackert, A. N., Kniskern, M. A., & Beasley, T. M. (2020). Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Revised 2020 Standards of Practice and Standards of Professional Performance for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (Competent, Proficient, and Expert) in Eating Disorders. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120(11):1902-1919.
• Haines, J., Gillman, M. W., Rifas-Shiman, S., Field, A. E., & Austin, S.B. (2010). Family dinner and disordered eating behaviors in a large cohort of adolescents. Eating Disorders, 18(1): 10–24.
• Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2015). Adolescent Eating Disorders: Update on Definitions, Symptomatology, Epidemiology, and Comorbidity. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24(1): 177-196.
• Iwajomo, T., Bondy, S., de Oliveira, C., Colton, P., Trottier, K., & Kurdyak, P. (2020). Excess mortality associated with eating disorders: population-based cohort study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1-7.
• Lavender, J. M., Brown, T. A., & Murray, S. B. (2017). Men, Muscles, and Eating Disorders: An Overview of Traditional and Muscularity-Oriented Disordered Eating. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(6):32.
• Lee, E. B., Barney, J. L., Twohig, M. P., Lensegrav-Benson, T., & Quakenbush, B. (2020). Obsessive compulsive disorder and thought action fusion: Relationships with eating disorder outcomes. Eating Behaviors, 37:101386.
• Le Grange, D. (2005). The Maudsley family-based treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa. World Psychiatry, 4(3): 142–146.
• Mehanna, H. M., Moledina, J., & Travis, J. (2008). Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it. The BMJ; 336:1495.
• Meier, M., Kossakowski, Y. K., Jones, P. J., Kay, B., Riemann, B. C., & McNally, R. J. (2020). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in eating disorders: A network investigation. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(3):362-371.
• Meneguzzo, P., Collantoni, E., Gallicchio, D., Busetto, P., Solmi, M., Santonastaso, P., & Favaro, A. (2018). Eating disorders symptoms in sexual minority women: A systematic review. European Eating Disorders Review, 26(4):275-292.
• Murakami, J. M., Essayli, J. H., & Latner, J. D. (2016). The relative stigmatization of eating disorders and obesity in males and females. Appetite, 102:77-82.
• National Eating Disorders Association. (2018). Anorexia Nervosa.
• National Eating Disorders Association. (2018). Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID).
• National Eating Disorders Association. (2018). Binge Eating Disorder.
• National Eating Disorders Association. (2018). Bulimia Nervosa.
• National Eating Disorders Association. (2018). Pica.
• National Eating Disorders Association. (2018). Rumination Disorder.
• National Institutes of Mental Health (2016). Eating Disorders.
• Puhl, R., & Suh, Y. (2015). Stigma and eating and weight disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(3):552.
• Pulcini, C. D., Zettle, S., & Srinath, A. (2016). Refeeding Syndrome. Pediatrics in Review, 37(12): 516-523.
• Rosello, R., Gledhill, J., Yi, I., Watkins, B., Harvey, L., Hosking, A., Viner, R., & Nicholls, D. (2020). Early intervention in child and adolescent eating disorders: The role of a parenting group. European Eating Disorders Review; Oct 21.
• Rosen, D. (2010). Identification and Management of Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 126:1240.
• Schaumberg, K., Welch, E., Breithaupt, L., Hübel, C., Baker, J. H., Munn-Chernoff, M. A., . . . Bulik, C. M. (2017). The Science Behind the Academy for Eating Disorders’ Nine Truths About Eating Disorders. European Eating Disorders Review; 25(6):432-450.
• Seferovic, A., Dianes, G. N., Juan, B., Larsen, D., & Oyler, V. (2019). What is the best screening tool for eating disorders in the primary care setting? Evidence-Based Practice; 22:3-12.
• Stiles-Shields, E. C., Goldschmidt, A. B., Boepple, L., Glunz, C., & Le Grange, D. (2011). Driven Exercise Among Treatment-Seeking Youth with Eating Disorders, Eating Behaviors, 12(4): 328–331.
• Svedlund, N. E., Norring, C., Ginsberg, Y., & von Hausswolff-Juhlin, Y. (2019). Treatment of eating disorders with concurrent ADHD symptoms: knowledge, knowledge gaps and clinical implications. Lakartidningen, 116.
• The Academy for Eating Disorders. (2020). Nine Truths about Eating Disorders.
• Treasure, J., Duarte, T. A., & Schmidt, U. (2020). Eating Disorders. Lancet, 395(10227):899-911.
• Winter, V. R., Jones, A., & O’Neill, E. (2019). Eating breakfast and family meals in adolescence: the role of body image. Social Work in Public Health,  34, 3.
• Yale School of Medicine. (2018). Driven exercise in the absence of binge eating: Implications for purging disorder.

Families

• American Psychiatric Association. Eating Disorders.
• Center for Discovery, Eating Disorder Treatment. Lists online and physical support groups.
• EAT26 screening tool.
• Eating Disorder Foundation.
• Eating Disorders: About More Than Food. National Institutes of Health.
• Eating Recovery Center. Eating Disorders Information Gateway.
• Eating Recovery Center. Support Groups.
• Families Empowered and Supporting Treatment for Eating Disorders (F.E.A.S.T.). Info for Parents.
• Finding Treatment. A map of providers from the National Eating Disorders Association.
• Global Support and Education Community of and for Parents of Those with Eating Disorders. F.E.A.S.T.
• Health at Every Size.
• National Institute of Mental Health. Psychotherapies.
• National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, 800-273-TALK (8255).

Definitions

The medical definitions in this module were obtained or adapted from American Academy of Pediatrics, Britannica, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, National Eating Disorders Association, National Institutes of Health and WebMD.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured in Course

• Abu-Hasan, M., Tannous, B., & Weinberger, M. (2005). Exercise-induced dyspnea in children and adolescents: If not asthma then what? Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 94:366-371. 
• Allen, T. W. (2005). Sideline management of asthma. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 4, 301-304. [Abstract].
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022). National Resource Center for Patient/Family-Centered Medical Home.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022). Children and COVID-19: State-Level Data Report.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022).  Post-COVID-19 Conditions in Children and Adolescents: Interim Clinical Guidance.
• Basara, L., Jokić Begić, N., Popović Grle, S., Jakopović, M., & SamarŽija, M. (2018). Dyspnea from Neuropsychyatric Perspective: a Narrative Review. Psychiatria Danubina, 30(1), 11–20. 
• Blomberg, B., Mohn, K. G-I., Brokstad, K. A., Zhou, F., Linchausen, D. W., Hansen, B., . . . Langeland, N. (2021). Long COVID in a prospective cohort of home-isolated patients. Nature Medicine, 27, 1607–1613.
• Boehmer, T. K., Kompaniyets, L., Lavery, A. M., Hsu, J., Ko, J. Y., Yusuf, H.,  . . . Harris, A. M. (2021). Association Between COVID-19 and Myocarditis Using Hospital-Based Administrative Data — United States, March 2020–January 2021. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 70(35), 1228–1232.
• Dantas, F. M. N. A., Correia, M. A. V., Silva, A. R., Peixoto, D. M., Sarinho, E. S. C., & Rizzo, J. A. (2014). Mothers impose physical activity restrictions on their asthmatic children and adolescents: an analytical cross-sectional study. Biomed Central Public Health, 14:287. 
• Ersson K., Mallmin, E., Malinovschi, A., Norlander, K., Johansson, H., & Nordang, L. (2020). Prevalence of exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction and laryngeal obstruction in adolescent athletes. Pediatric Pulmonology, 55, 3509–3516. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ppul.25104
• Fitzgerald, D. A. (2017). The weighty issue of obesity in paediatric respiratory medicine. Paediatric Respiratory Review, 24(4), 4-7. [Abstract]
• Fretzayas, A., Moustaki, M., Loukou, I., & Douros, K. (2017). Differentiating vocal cord dysfunction from asthma. Journal of Asthma and Allergy, 10, 277-283. 
• Fukushi, I., Pokorski, M., & Okada, Y. (2021). Mechanisms underlying the sensation of dyspnea. Respiratory Investigation, 59(1), 66-80.
• Fukushi, I., Nakamura, M., & Kuwana, S. I. (2021). Effects of wearing facemasks on the sensation of exertional dyspnea and exercise capacity in healthy subjects. PLOS ONE, 16(9), e0258104.
• Gargano, J. W., Wallace, M., Hadler, S. C., Langley, G., Su, J. R., Oster, M. E., . . . Oliver, S. E. (2021). Use of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine After Reports of Myocarditis Among Vaccine Recipients: Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 70, 977–982.
• Gerow, M., & Bruner, P.J. (2021). Exercise Induced Asthma. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
• Johansson, H., Emtner, M., Janson, C., Nordang, L., & Malinovschi, A. (2020). https://openres.ersjournals.com/content/6/4/00349-2020. ERJ Open Research, 6(4).
• Kaplan, A., Szefler, S. J. & Halpin, D. M. G. (2020). Impact of comorbid conditions on asthmatic adults and children. npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine, 30(36).
• Koya, T., Ueno, H., Hasegawa, T., Arakawa, M., & Kikuchi, T. (2020). Management of Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Athletes. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice,8(7), 2183-2192.
• Lam, G. Y., Befus, A. D., Damant, R. W., Ferrara, G., Fuhr, D. P., Stickland, M. K., . . . Smith, M. P. (2021). Exertional intolerance and dyspnea with preserved lung function: an emerging long COVID phenotype?  Respiratory Research, 22(222).
• Lands, L. C. (2017). Dyspnea in Children: What is driving it and how to approach it. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 24, 29-31. [Abstract]
• Lang, J. E., Bunnell, H. T., Hossain, M. J., Wysocki, T., Lima, J. J., Finkel, T. H., . . . Bacharier, L. (2018). Being Overweight or Obese and the Development of Asthma. Pediatrics, 142(6). 
• Law, Y. M., Lal, A. K., Chen, S., Čiháková, D., Cooper Jr., L. T., Deshpande, S., . . . Towbin, J. A. (2021). Diagnosis and Management of Myocarditis in Children: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 144(6).
• Lentferink, Y. E., Boogaart, N. E., Balemans, W., Knibbe, C., & van der Vorst, M. (2019). Asthma medication in children who are overweight/obese: justified treatment? BMC pediatrics, 19(1), 148. 
• Lucas, J. A., Marino, M., Fankhauser, K., Bailey, S. R., Ezekiel-Herrera, D., Kaufmann, J., . . . Heintzman, J. (2020). Oral corticosteroid use, obesity, and ethnicity in children with asthma. The Journal of Asthma, 57(12), 1288–1297.
• Malaty, J., & Wu, V. (2021). Vocal Cord Dysfunction: Rapid Evidence Review. American Family Physician, 104(5), 471-475.
• Marines-Price, R., Bernhardt, V., Bhammar, D. M., & Babb, T. G. (2019). Dyspnea on exertion provokes unpleasantness and negative emotions in women with obesity. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 260, 131-136.
• Marlow, L. L., Faull, O. K., Finnegan, S. L., & Pattinson, K. (2019). Breathlessness and the brain: the role of expectation. Current opinion in supportive and palliative care, 13(3), 200–210.
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2020). Focused Updates to the Asthma Management Guidelines: Clinician's Guide.
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma 2007 (Expert Panel Report-3)
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (n.d.). National Asthma Education and Prevention Program.
• Olin, T. (2022). Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction. Uptodate.com.
• Olin, T. (2019). Exercise-Induced Laryngeal Obstruction: When Pediatric Exertional Dyspnea Does not Respond to Bronchodilators. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 7.
• Røksund, O. D., Olin, J. T., & Halvorsen, T. (2018). Working Towards a Common Transatlantic Approach for Evaluation of Exercise-Induced Laryngeal Obstruction. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 38(2): 281-292.
• Sayad, E., & Das, S. (2022). Exercise Induced Laryngeal Obstruction. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
• Seear, M., Wensley, D., & West, N. (2005). How accurate is the diagnosis of exercise induced asthma among Vancouver schoolchildren? Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90, 898–902. 
• Sharma, S., Hashmi, M. F., & Badireddy, M. (2021).  Dyspnea on Exertion. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
• Slas, E., Nguyen, Y., & McIltrot, K. (2022). Communication Between Schools Nurses and Health Care Providers on Students with Asthma: An Integrative Review. The Journal of School Nursing: The Official Publication of the National Association of School Nurses, 38(1), 48–60. [Abstract]
• Trevisan, C., Vianello, A., Zanforlini, B. M., Curreri, C., Maggi, S., Noale, M., . . . De Rui, M. (2020). The mutual association between dyspnea and depressive symptoms in older adults: a 4-year prospective study. Aging & mental health, 24(6), 993–1000. [Abstract]
• Van de Hei, S. J., Flokstra-de Blok, B. M. J., Baretta, H. J., Doornewaard, N. E., Van der Molen, T., Patberg, K. W., . . . Kocks, J. W. H. (2020). Quality of spirometry and related diagnosis in primary care with a focus on clinical use. npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine, 30(22).
• Volerman, A., Carpenter, D., & Press, V. (2020). What can be done to impact respiratory inhaler misuse: exploring the problem, reasons, and solutions. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 14(8), 791–805.
• Vollsæter, M., Stensrud, T., Maat, R., Halvorsen, T., Røksund, O. D., Sandnes, A., & Clemm, H. (2022). Exercise Related Respiratory Problems in the Young—Is It Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction or Laryngeal Obstruction? Frontiers in Pediatrics; 9:800073.
• Witberg, G., Barda, N., Hoss, S., Richter, I., Wiessman, M., Aviv, Y., . . .  Kornowski, R. (2021). Myocarditis after Covid-19 Vaccination in a Large Health Care Organization. New England Journal of Medicine, 385, 2132-2139.

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were obtained or adapted from American College of Allergy, American Psychological Association, Asthma & Immunology; American Thoracic Society; Britannica, Free Medical Dictionary; Mayo Clinic; Merck Manual, National Institutes of Health, Neurology, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Science Direct, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; U.S. National Library of Medicine and WebMD.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Patients and Families

• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Frequently Asked Questions (for parents and caregivers).
• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Mychildrensteeth.org, website for families.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. HealthyChildren.org, a website for families with information about everything related to a child’s oral health. The website is available in Spanish.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, Campaign for Dental Health. I Like My Teeth, a bilingual website (ilikemyteeth.org)
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Brush, Book, Bed, a website with resources to help families structure their child’s nighttime routine, including tooth brushing. The website is available in Spanish.
• American Dental Association. How to Care for Your Child’s Teeth.
• American Dental Association. Find Dental Care for Your Kids, a web page that helps families search for dental clinics using their home address.
• CavityFreeKids.org. Sponsored by the Washington Dental Service Foundation, this website offers a wealth of resources about oral health care for young children and their families.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. Brush-Up on Healthy Teeth.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. Healthy Mouths: What You Need to Know About Your Teeth.

Featured

• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2020-2021). Definitions, oral health policies, and recommendations.
• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2020-2021). Periodicity of Examination, Preventive Dental Services, Anticipatory Guidance/Counseling, and Oral Treatment for Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry, 232-241.
• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2017). Policy on Social Determinants of Children’s Oral Health and Health Disparities.
• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, Council on Clinical Affairs. (2018). Policy on the dental home.
• American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2020). Guideline on Fluoride Therapy.
• American Dental Association. (2018). HPI report: More Medicaid kids seeing dentists. ADA news release.
• American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. (2006). Professionally applied topical fluoride: Evidence-based clinical recommendations. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 137(8), 1151-1159.
• Annie E. Casey Foundation, Kids Count Data Center. (2021). Medicaid Enrollment (0-18) in Texas.
• Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Data Resource Center for Child & Adolescent Health. (2019). 2018-2019 National Survey of Children's Health.
• Blackburn, J., Morrissey, M., & Sen, B. (2017). Outcomes Associated With Early Preventive Dental Care Among Medicaid-Enrolled Children in Alabama. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(4):335-341.
• Dye, B. A., Li, X., & Thornton-Evans, G. (2012). Oral health disparities as determined by selected healthy people 2020 oral health objectives for the United States, 2009–2010. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics [NCHS], Data Brief No. 104.
• Garish Babu, K. L. & Doddamani, G. M. (2012). Dental home: Patient centered dentistry. Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry, 2(1): 8-12.
• Kaiser Family Foundation. (2020). State Health Facts: Dental Care Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs).
• National Resource Center for Patient/Family-Centered Medical Home. (2020). What is Medical Home?
• Sohn, W., Burt, B. A., & Sowers, M. R. (2006). Carbonated soft drinks and dental caries in the primary dentition. Journal of Dental Research, 85(3), 262-266.
• Steele, J. S., & Buchi, K. F. (2008). Medical and mental health of children entering the Utah foster care system. Pediatrics, 122(3), e703-e709.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2019. Texas Supply and Demand Dental Projections, 2018-2030.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). First Dental Home web page.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). First dental home training and certification request form. (Click on “Materials”)
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2021). Texas Health Steps Catalog, including dental resources.
• Texas Medicaid & Healthcare Partnership. (2021). Texas Medicaid Provider Procedures Manual.
• Texas Oral Health Coalition. (2021). Texas Oral Health Report Card
• The National Child & Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Data Resource Center for Child & Adolescent Health. (2019). 2018-2019 National Survey of Children's Health.
• National Resource Center for Patient/Family-Centered Medical Home. (2020). What is Medical Home? Medical Home Definition.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2020). Health Literacy Universal Precautions Toolkit, 2nd Edition.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2013). The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs Chartbook 2009–2010. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2013). Keep Kids Smiling: Promoting Oral Health Through the Medicaid Benefit for Children & Adolescents.

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were obtained from the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, the American Dental Association, the Texas Department of State Health Services and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ National Center for Health Statistics.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

Althoof, R., Ametti, M., & Bertmann, F. (2017).  The Role of Food Insecurity in Developmental Psychopathology. Preventive Medicine, 92, 106-109.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). Policy Statement: Promoting Food Security for All Children. Pediatrics, 136(5), e1431-e1438.

American Academy of Pediatrics, Campaign for Dental Health. (2015). A Perfect Smile Comes at a Cost: How Poverty and Food Insecurity Cement Disparities in Oral Health.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2008). Policy Statement: The Medical Home. Pediatrics, 110:184–186.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). AAP policy statement: Providing Care for Children and Adolescents Facing Homelessness and Housing Insecurity. Pediatrics, 131(6), 1206-1210.

American Psychological Association. (2022). Effects of Poverty, Hunger and Homelessness on Children and Youth.

Bahn, R. A., Hwalla, N., & El Labban, S. (2021). Leveraging nutrition for food security: the integration of nutrition in the four pillars of food security. In C. M. Galankis (ed.), Food Security and Nutrition (pp. 1–32).

Bernal, J., Frongillo, E. A., Herrera, H., & Rivera, J. (2012).Children live, feel, and respond to experiences of food insecurity that compromise their development and weight status in peri-urban Venezuela. Journal of Nutrition, 142(7), 1343–1349.

Bhattarai, A., & Siegel, R. (2022). Inflation is Making Homelessness Worse. Washington Post, July 3.

Burke, M. P., Martini, L. H., Cayir, E., Hartline-Grafton, H. L., & Meade, R. L. (2016). Severity of Household Food Insecurity is Positively Associated with Mental Disorders among Children and Adolescents in the United States. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(10), 2019–2026. 

Bush School of Government and Public Service. (2015). Healthy Discussions: A community assessment and healthcare gap analysis of four border counties. Texas A&M University.

Calkins, K., & Devaskar, S. U. (2011). Fetal Origins of Adult Disease. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 41(6), 158-176.

Center for Housing Policy and Children’s HealthWatch. (2015). Compounding Stress: The Timing and Duration Effects of Homelessness on Children’s Health.

Center on Budget & Policy Priorities. (2022). Federal Rental Assistance Fact Sheets, Texas.

Center on Budget & Policy Priorities. (2022). New Data: Millions Struggling to Eat and Pay Rent: Joblessness Continues to Affect Tens of Millions.

Center on Budget & Policy Priorities. (2018). Most Working-Age SNAP Participants Work, But Often in Unstable Jobs.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Children Living in Households That Experienced Food Insecurity: United States, 2019-2020.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Reproductive Health: Infant Mortality.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Know the Facts: Protect Your Child from Lead Exposure.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention: At-Risk Populations.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Disparities in Oral Health.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention: Populations at Greater Risk.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Pediatric Environmental Health Toolkit.

Chang, C., Ceci, C., Uberoi, M., Waselewski, M., & Chang, T. (2022). Youth Perspectives on Their Medical Team’s Role in Screening for and Addressing Social Determinants of Health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(6): 928-933.

Chhabra, M., Sorrentino, A. E., Cusack, M., Dichter, M. E, Montgomery, A. E., & True, G. (2019). Screening for Housing Instability: Providers' Reflections on Addressing a Social Determinant of Health. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 34(7):1213-1219.

Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. (2021). Texas Fact Sheet, 2019: Strong Roots Grow a Strong Nation. The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Children’s HealthWatch. (2019). Policy report: Pathways to Stable Homes: Promoting Caregiver and Child Health Through Housing Stability.

Children’s HealthWatch. (2011). Behind Closed Doors: The hidden health impact of being behind on rent.

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (2012). Infants At-Risk From Formula Stretching: Improved screening methods help doctors identify families with hunger issues.

Colonias in Texas. (n.d.). University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire.

Congressional Research Service. (2018). Homelessness: Targeted Federal Programs.

Cooksey-Stowers, K., Schwartz, M. B., & Brownell, K. D. (2017). Food Swamps Predict Obesity Rates Better Than Food Deserts in the United States. The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(11), 1366.

Cutts, D., Meyers, A. F., Black, M. M., Casey, P. H., Chilton, M., Cook, J. T. . . Frank, D.A. (2011). U.S. Housing Insecurity and the Health of Very Young Children. American Journal of Public Health, 101(8), 1508–1514.

DiMaggio, C., Brady, J., & Li, G. (2015). Association of the Safe Routes to School program with school-age pedestrian and bicyclist injury risk in Texas. Injury Epidemiology, 2(1), 15.

Episcopal Health Foundation, the Methodist Healthcare Ministries of South Texas, & St. David’s Foundation. (2019). Community Resource Referral Platforms: A Guide for Health Care Organizations.

Farrell, A. E., Dibble, K. E., Randall, K. G., & Britner, P. A. (2017). Screening for Housing Instability and Homelessness Among Families Undergoing Child Maltreatment Investigation, American Journal of Community Psychology, 60(1–2): 25–32.

Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. (2015). Las Colonias in the 21st Century: Progress Along the Texas-Mexico Border.

Feeding America. (2021). 3 devastating effects of hunger on the body.

Feeding America. (2021). The Impact of the Coronavirus on Local Food Insecurity in 2020 & 2021.

Feeding America. (2019). Map the Meal Gap: Child Food Insecurity in The United States.

Feeding America. (2018). Understand Food Insecurity: What is Food Insecurity?

Feeding America. (2018). Hunger in America, Real Stories of Hunger: Emily’s Story (video).

Feeding America. (2018). Illuminating Intersections: Hunger and Health.

Feeding America. (2014). Hunger in America Study.

Feeding Texas. (2022). Learn About Hunger.

Food Research & Action Center. (2017). Hunger & Health: The Impact of Poverty, Food Insecurity, and Poor Nutrition on Health and Well-Being.

Galvin, G. (2018). On the Border, Out of the Shadows. U.S. News & World Report, May 16.

Gold, S., & Wagner, B. (2022). Acute care utilization and housing hardships in American children. Children and Youth Services Review, 136, 106447.

Gregory, C. A., & Coleman-Jensen, A. (2017). Food insecurity, chronic disease, and health among working-age adults. Economic Research Report, 235. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.

Hall, L., & Nchako, C., (2022). A Closer Look at Who Benefits from SNAP: State-by-State Fact Sheets: Texas. Retrieved from Center on Budget and Policy Priorities website:

Harvard University, Joint Center for Housing Studies. (2021). The State of the Nation’s Housing, 2021.

Hatem, C. L., Young, L. C., Xue, Z., Reeser-Oyer, L., Lopez, T., & Hernandez, D. C. (2020). Food insecurity and housing instability during early childhood as predictors of adolescent mental health. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(6), 721–730.

Health Affairs Health Policy Brief. (2018). Housing And Health: An Overview of The Literature.

Institute for Children, Poverty & Homelessness. (2019). Addressing Hunger Among Homeless Children.

Johns Hopkins University. (2020). Poor Families Must Move Often, But Rarely Escape Concentrated Poverty.

Johnson, A. D., & Markowitz, A. J. (2018). Food Insecurity and Family Well-Being Outcomes among Households with Young Children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 196, 275-282.

Johnson, A. D., & Markowitz, A. J. (2018). Associations Between Household Food Insecurity in Early Childhood and Children's Kindergarten Skills. Child Development, 89(2), e1-e17.

Johnson, K. T., Palakshappa, D., Basu, S., & Seligman, H. (2021). Examining the bidirectional relationship between food insecurity and healthcare spending. Health Services Research, 56(5), 864–873.

Kingsley, G. T., Jordan, A., & Traynor, W. (2012). Addressing Residential Instability: Options for Cities and Community Initiatives. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 14(3), 161-184.

Lee, C. Y., Zhao, X., Reesor-Oyer, L., Cepni, A. B., & Hernandez, D. C. (2021). Bidirectional Relationship Between Food Instability and Housing Insecurity. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 121(1), 84–91.

Ma, C. T., Gee, L., & Kushel, M. B. (2008). Associations between housing instability and food insecurity with health care access in low-income children. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 8(1), 50–57.

McLaughlin, K.A., Green, J. G., Alegria, M., Costello, E. J., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. J., & Kessler, R. C. (2012). Food Insecurity and Mental Disorders in a National Sample of U.S. Adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychology, 51(12), 1293-1303.

Melchior, M., Caspi, A., Howard, L. M., Ambler, A. P., Bolton, H., Mountain, N., & Moffitt, T. E. (2009). Mental health context of food insecurity: a representative cohort of families with young children. Pediatrics, 124(4):e564–e572.

National Bureau of Economic Research. (2018). Child Age and Gender Differences in Food Insecurity in a Low-Income Inner-City Population. Working Paper 22988.

National Center for Homeless Education. (n.d.). The McKinney-Vento Definition of Homeless.

National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2022). Housing Needs by State, Texas.

National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2021). Out of Reach: Texas.

National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2018). The Gap: A Shortage of Affordable Rental Homes: No State Has an Adequate Supply of Affordable Rental Housing for the Lowest Income Renters.

Nolen, E. Cubbin, C.,  & Brewer, M. (2021). The effect of maternal food insecurity transitions on housing insecurity in a population-based sample of mothers of young children. AIMS Public Health, 9(1), 1–16.

O’Malley, J. A., Klett, B. M., Klein, M. D., Inman, N., & Beck, A. F. (2017). Revealing the prevalence and consequences of food insecurity in children with epilepsy. Journal of Community Health, 42(6), 1213-1219.

Pennsylvania State University, Center on Rural Education and Communities. (n.d.). Poverty, Housing Insecurity and Student Transiency in Rural Areas.

Pulcini, C. D. (2015). Hunger Screening: Pediatrician Trainees Challenge Providers to Feed the Need. American Academy of Pediatrics, AAP Voices, Dec. 17, 2015.

Raskind, I. G., Haardörfer, R., & Berg, C. J. (2019). Food insecurity, psychosocial health and academic performance among college and university students in Georgia, USA. Public Health Nutrition, 22(3):476-485.

Restrepo, B. J., Rabbitt, M. P., & Gregory, C. A. (2021) The Effect of Unemployment on Food Spending and Adequacy: Evidence from Coronavirus-Induced Firm Closures. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 43(1), 185–204.

Rich, R. (2013). The Great Recession. Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

Ryu, J. H., & Bartfeld, J. H. (2012). Household Food Insecurity During Childhood and Subsequent Health Status: The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort. American Journal of Public Health, 102(11): e50-e55.

San Francisco Department of Public Health. (2019). Public Health Brief: Health Impacts of Family Housing Insecurity.

Sandel, M., Sheward, R., Ettinger de Cuba, S., Coleman, S. M., Frank, D. A., Chilton, M., . . .  Cutts, D. (2018). Unstable Housing and Caregiver and Child Health in Renter Families. Pediatrics, 141(2), e20172199.

Sheward, R., Bovell-Ammon, A., Ahmad, N., Preer, G., Ettinger de Cuba, S., & Sandel, M. (2019). Promoting Caregiver and Child Health Through Housing Stability Screening in Clinical Settings. Zero to Three Journal, 39(4), 52-59.

Sreeramareddy, C. T., & Ramakrishnareddy, N. (2018). Association of adult tobacco use with household food access insecurity: results from Nepal demographic and health survey, 2011. BMC Public Health, 18:48.

Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs. (2020). State of Texas Low Income Housing Plan and Annual Report.

Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs. (2015). 2020-2024: State of Texas Consolidated Plan.

Texas Health Steps, Anticipatory Guidance Provider Guide.

Texas Health Steps Periodicity Schedule.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission, Medical Transportation Program.

Texas Housers: Texas Low Income Housing Information Service. (2021). Texas ranks at the bottom for affordable and available housing for Extremely Low Income renters. This is what Congress must do to help.

Texas Tribune. (2018). As Texas grows, an affordable housing crisis looms. Here are six things to know.

Texas Workforce Commission. (2022). Housing Discrimination.

University of Wisconsin, Population Health Institute. (2020). 2020 County Health Rankings Key Findings Report.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. (2022). Frequency of Food Insecurity.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. (2022). Food Insecurity for Households With Children Rose in 2020, Disrupting Decade-long Decline.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. (2022). Definitions of Food Insecurity.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. (2021). Household Food Security in the United States in 2020.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Institute. (2021). Household Food Security in the United States in 2020. Economic Information Bulletin, 298.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. (2020). Key Statistics & Graphics.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. (2019). Understanding Low-Income and Low-Access Census Tracts Across the Nation: Subnational and Subpopulation Estimates of Access to Healthy Food.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. (2019). Food Access.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Institute. (2013). Food Insecurity in Households With Children: Prevalence, Severity, and Household Characteristics, 2010-11. Economic Information Bulletin, 113.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2022). HHS Poverty Guidelines for 2022.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2019). Healthy People 2020, Housing Instability.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2019). Healthy People 2020, Housing and Homes.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2019). Healthy People 2030, Social Determinants of Health.

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (n.d.). Rental Burdens: Rethinking Affordability Measures. (PD&R Edge article).

U.S. Governmental Accountability Office. (2020). Homelessness: Better HUD Oversight of Data Collection Could Improve Estimates of Homeless Population.

Whitaker, R. C., Phillips, S. M., & Orzol, S. M. (2006). Food Insecurity and the Risks of Depression and Anxiety in Mothers and Behavior Problems in their Preschool-Aged Children. Pediatrics, 118(3), e859-e868.

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions in this course were obtained or adapted from the American Academy of Pediatrics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Children (a Swiss journal), Congressional Research Service, the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Harvard University, Healthy People 2030, Nemours Children’s Health System, Texas Secretary of State, U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

• American Academy of Pediatrics, AAP Health Initiatives. (n.d.). Genetics in Primary Care Institute (GPCI).
• American Academy of Pediatrics, AAP News. (2016) Pediatricians and the Law: What does law require of physicians caring for patients with limited English proficiency?
• American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Bioethics, Committee on Genetics, & the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Social, Ethical, and Legal Issues Committees. (2013/2018). Policy Statement: Ethical and Policy Issues in Genetic Testing and Screening of Children. Pediatrics, 131(3), 620-622 and Pediatrics, 142(3), e20181836.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Genetics. (2013). Medical Genetics in Pediatric Practice. eBook, R. A. Saul, editor.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Workforce. (2013/2015). Enhancing Pediatric Workforce Diversity and Providing Culturally Effective Pediatric Care: Implications for Practice, Education, and Policy Making. Pediatrics, 132(4), e 1105-e1116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2268.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, AAP News. (2013). Consider culture, language when caring for children in immigrant families.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Culturally Effective Care Toolkit.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2004/2008). Ensuring Culturally Effective Pediatric Care: Implications for Education and Health Policy. Pediatrics, 122(2): 450.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, National Resource Center for Patient/Family-Centered Medical Home. (n.d.).
• American Board of Medical Genetics. (n.d.). Medical Genetics and Genomics.
• American Translators Association. (2018). ATA Certification Program.
• Annie E. Casey Foundation, Kids Count Data Center. (2016). Children in Immigrant Families.
• Borry, P., Evers-Kiebooms, G., Cornel, M. C., Clarke, A., & Dierickx, K. (2009). Genetic testing in asymptomatic minors: Background considerations towards ESHG Recommendations. European Journal of Human Genetics, 17(6), 711–719.
• Botkin, J. R., Belmont, J. W., Berg, J. S., Berkman, B. E., Bombard, Y., Holm, I. A., Levy, H. P., Ormond, K. E., Saal, H. M, Spinner, N. B., Wilfond, B. S., & McInerney, J. D. (2015). Points to Consider: Ethical, Legal, and Psychosocial Implications of Genetic Testing in Children and Adolescents. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 97(1):6-21.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Genomics & Precision Health.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Family Health History.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). PRAMS Questionnaires.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Safety and Children with Disabilities: Childhood Maltreatment Among Children with Disabilities.
• Doerr, M. & Teng, K. (2012). Family history: Still relevant in the genomics era. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 79(5), 331-336.
• European Society of Human Genetics. (2009). Genetic testing in asymptomatic minors: recommendations of the European Society of Human Genetics. European Journal of Human Genetics, 17(6), 720–721.
• Ferreira, C. R., Regier, D. S., Hadley, D. W., & Hart, P. S. (2017). Medical genetics and genomic medicine in the United States of America. Part 1: history, demographics, legislation, and burden of disease. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine, 5: 307-316.
• GeneReviews. (2021.)
• Genetic Alliance. (n.d.). About Genetic Alliance.
• Grebe, T. A., Khushf, G., Chen, M. Bailey, D., Brenham, L. M., Williams, M. S., Seaver, L. H., & ACMG Social, Ethical and Legal Issues Committee. (2020). ACMG Statement: The interface of genomic information with the electronic health record: a points to consider statement of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Genetics in Medicine, 22(9), 1431–1436.
• Harding, B., Webber, C., Ruhland, L., Dalgarno, N., Armour, C. M., Birtwhistle, R., Brown, G., Carroll, J. C., Flavin, M., Phillips, S., & MacKenzie, J. J. (2019). Primary care providers' lived experiences of genetics in practice. Journal of Community Genetics, 10(1), 85–93.
• Hull, L. E., Gold, N. B., & Armstrong, K.A. (2020). Revisiting the Roles of Primary Care Clinicians in Genetic Medicine. JAMA, Sept. 24. (Epub ahead of print.)
• Kalia, S. S., Adelman, K., Bale, S. J., Chung, W. K., Eng, C., Evans, J. P., . . . Miller, D. T. (2016). Recommendations for reporting of secondary findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing, 2016 update (ACMG SF v2.0): a policy statement of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Genetics in Medicine, 19(2):249-255. (Epub Nov. 17).
• McCandless, S. E., Brunger, J. W., & Cassidy, S. B. (2004). The burden of genetic disease on inpatient care in a children's hospital. American Journal of Human Genetics, 74(4), 121-7. [Abstract].
• National Board of Certification for Medical Interpreters. (2017). History.
• National Center for Hearing Assessment and Management. (1999-2021).
• National Human Genome Research Institute. (2018). Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center.
• Ragavan, M. I., & Cowden, J. D. (2018). The Complexities of Assessing Language and Interpreter Preferences in Pediatrics. Health Equity, 2(1):70-73.
• Ross, L. F., Saal, H. M., David, K. L., Anderson, R. R., the American Academy of Pediatrics, & American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. (2013). Technical report: ethical and policy issues in genetic testing and screening of children. Genetics in Medicine, (15), 234–245.
• Saul, R. A., Trotter, T., Sease, K., & Tarini, B. (2017). Survey of family history taking and genetic testing in pediatric practice. Journal of Community Genetics, 8(2):109-115. [Abstract]
• The Joint Commission. (2014). A Crosswalk of the National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) in Health and Health Care to The Joint Commission Hospital Accreditation Standards.
• Trotter, T. L. & Martin, H. M. (2007). Family History in Pediatric Primary Care. Pediatrics, 120(S60).
• U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2020). Genetic Service: Information on Genetic Counselor and Medical Geneticist Workforces.
• University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. (2021). MotherToBaby, (teratogen information).
• Urban Institute. (2019). Part of Us: A Data-Driven Look at Children of Immigrants.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2017). How Many Newborns are Screened in the United States?
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration. (2018). EPSDT Overview.
• Whelan, A. J., Ball, S., Best, L., Best, R. G., Echiverri, S. C., Ganschow, P., . . .   Stallworth, J. (2004). Genetic red flags: Clues to thinking genetically in primary care practice. [Abstract]. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 31(3), 497–508.

Families

• Disease InfoSearch: Patients and families can use this resource to learn more about the signs and symptoms of conditions, the latest research, and how to access support.
• The Genetics Home Reference web page provides information about genetic conditions and the genes or chromosomes responsible for those conditions. Patients can look up information about the effects of genetic variations on human health.
• National Human Genome Research Institute. Patients can find a listing of online tools for generating a family history.
• National Human Genome Research Institute. What Are Genetic Disorders?
• National Organization of Rare Diseases (NORD).
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Case Management for Children and Pregnant Women.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Services Program.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Early Childhood Intervention audiovisual collections.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Early Childhood Intervention Services.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. Genetics.
• Texas Health and Human Services Commission. Texas Health Steps.
• The CDC’s Family Health History initiative is a national public health campaign sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The website includes guidelines to help patients organize family history information.
• University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. MotherToBaby Texas TIPS (Texas Teratogen Information in Pregnancy).

Definitions

The medical definitions in this module were obtained or adapted from the American Pregnancy Association, Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, International 22q11.2 Foundation, Inc., International Rett Syndrome Foundation, International Scholarly Research Notices, March of Dimes, Mayo Clinic, Medicaid, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in the National Institutes of Health, Prader-Willi Syndrome Association and the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

• Carlo, J. T. (n.d.). Local Health Authority’s Role in Texas. PowerPoint. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Emergency Preparedness and Response.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Quarantine Station Contact List, Map, and Fact Sheets.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Legal Authorities for Isolation and Quarantine: Enforcement.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Rabies.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Good Decision Making in Real Time: Public Health Ethics Training for Local Health Departments. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Food Safety: Foodborne Germs and Illnesses.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). What are Environmental Assessments?
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Federal Register Notice: Criteria for Recommending Federal Travel Restrictions for Public Health Purposes, Including for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Quarantine and Isolation: FAQs for Public Health Do Not Board and Lookout Lists.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks United States 2017 Annual Report.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Foodborne Outbreaks: Investigating Outbreaks.
• Kimbol, A. (n.d.). Introduction to Public Health Law in Texas. PowerPoint.
• Gonzalez, A. N., PhD, MPA. (n.d.). Operational Issues Relative to the Role and Responsibilities of HAs, Non-Physician LHD Directors, and Regional Directors. PowerPoint.
• Pieracci, E. G., Evert, N., Drexler, N. A., Mayes, B., Vilcins, I., Huang, P, . . . Paddock, C. D. (2017). Fatal Flea-Borne Typhus in Texas: A Retrospective Case Series, 1985–2015. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 96(5), 1088–1093.
• Shah, A. K. (n.d.). Public Health Response: A Collaboration Between Health and Law. PowerPoint.
• Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation. (2020). Sanitarians.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2020). Human Cases, Zoonotic Diseases.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2019). Health Authorities in Texas.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2020). Notifiable Conditions: Infectious Disease Control Reporting.
• Texas Department of State Health Services, Division for Regional and Local Health Operations. (2019). Health Authority Training and Resources.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2007). Communicable Disease Control Measures in Texas: A Guide for Health Authorities in a Public Health Emergency.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2020). Vital Statistics Section.
• Texas Department of State Health Services. (2019). Public Health Regions.
• Texas Governor’s Office. (2020). Governor Abbott Issues Executive Order Increasing Hospital Capacity, Announces Supply Chain Strike Force For COVID-19 Response.
• Texas RioGrande Legal Aid. (2020). COVID-19 Based Misdemeanors & Penalties.
• Texas Secretary of State. (2020). Form 2201 - Statement of Officer (General Information).
• Texas State Historical Association. The Handbook of Texas Online. (2010). County Health Authority. 
• Texas State Historical Association. The Handbook of Texas Online. (2010). Public Health.
• Texas Statutes, Health and Safety Code. (1989). Local Public Health Reorganization Act. 
• Texas Statutes, Health and Safety Code. (1989). Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Act.
• Texas Statutes, Health and Safety Code. (2003). Medical Records Privacy, § 181.056.
• University of Houston, Law Center and Health Law & Policy Institute. (2020). Control Measures and Public Health Emergencies: A Texas Bench Book. 
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights. (2020). BULLETIN: HIPAA Privacy and Novel Coronavirus.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2003). Health Information Privacy: Public Health.
• World Health Organization. (2016). Guidance For Managing Ethical Issues In Infectious Disease Outbreaks.

Additional

• Texas Office of the Governor. (n.d.). Emergency Management: Planning for Emergencies and Disasters in Texas.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2020). Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT).
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Public Health Emergency.

Definition

The medical definition provided in this module was adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Share with Patients and Families

American Foundation for the Blind. Family Connect website for parents and caregivers of children with visual impairments.

American Printing House for The Blind. The Family Connect website provides tips for adapting a home for the safety of a child with vision impairment. 

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Resources for Parents, including resources about hearing damage from personal headphones.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hearing Loss in Children Resources provides a number of helpful website links to agencies and organizations that provide information about childhood hearing loss.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CMV prevention resources for health-care providers. 

Gallaudet University, Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Resource Center, Family Resources. 

National Center for Children’s Vision and Eye Health, a resources web page for parents and families about children’s eyesight and vision screening.

Parent Companion First Five Years, a bilingual website focusing on young children with disabilities. It was created to comfort, inspire, and connect parents to helpful disability resources.

Texas Department of State Health Services. Hearing Checklist for Parents.

Texas Parent to Parent, a parent and family network that offers support and resources for families whose child has special health-care needs.

Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired resources web page. 

Washington State Department of Health and Seattle Children’s Hospital offer a fact sheet, Safety Tips for Children with Hearing Loss.

Featured

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2018). Screening Examination of Premature Infants for Retinopathy of Prematurity. Pediatrics, 142(6):e20183061.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2018). Newborn Hearing Screening FAQs. Healthychildren.org.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Visual System Assessment in Infants, Children, and Young Adults by Pediatricians. Pediatrics, 137(1), e20153596.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2012). Instrument-Based Pediatric Vision Screening Policy Statement. Pediatrics, 130(5):983-986.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2008). Red Reflex Examination in Neonates, Infants, and Children. Pediatrics, 122(6):1401-1404. 

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2002, reaffirmed 2008). Policy Statement: The Medical Home. Pediatrics, 110:184–186.

American Academy of Pediatrics, Joint Committee on Infant Hearing. (2007). Year 2007 Position Statement: Principles and Guidelines for Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Programs. Pediatrics, 120(4):898-921. 

American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. (n.d.). Vision Screening. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Screening and Diagnosis of Hearing Loss.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Cytomegalovirus and Congenital CMV Infection: About Cytomegalovirus.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Cytomegalovirus and Congenital CMV Infection: Laboratory Testing.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Keep an Eye on Your Vision Health.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. (2012). Genetics of Hearing Loss.

Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. (2012). 2011/12 National Survey of Children's Health. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Contemporary Pediatrics. (2016). Hearing loss and the pediatrician.

Donahue, S., Baker C., American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, American Academy of Ophthalmology, & American Association of Certified Orthoptists. (2016). Procedures for the Evaluation of the Visual System by Pediatricians. Pediatrics, 137(1). 

Foust, T., Eiserman, W., Shisler, L., & Geroso, A. (2013). Using Otoacoustic Emissions to Screen Young Children for Hearing Loss in Primary Care Settings. Pediatrics, 132(1):118-123. [Abstract].

Grossman, D. C., & the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2017). Vision Screening in Children Aged 6 Months to Five Years: U.S. Preventive Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 318(9):836-844.

Jeffries, A. L. (2010). Retinopathy of prematurity: Recommendations for screening. Paediatrics & Child Health, 15(10):667-670.

Jiang, W., Zhao, F., Guderley, N., & Manchaiah, V. (2016). Daily music exposure dose and hearing problems using personal listening devices in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review. International Journal of Audiology, 55(4):197-205. 

Joint Committee on Infant Hearing. (2019). Year 2019 Position Statement: Principles and Guidelines for Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Programs. The Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention, 4(2):1-44.

Kral, A. & O'Donoghue, G. M. (2010). Profound deafness in childhood. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363(15):1438–1450.

Loh, A. R., & Chiang, M. F. (2018). Pediatric Vision Screening. Pediatrics in Review, 39(5):225-234.

National Center for Children’s Vision & Eye Health. (2016). Children’s Vision and Eye Health: A Snapshot of Current National Issues.

Ruderman, M. (2016). Children’s Vision and Eye Health: A Snapshot of Current National Issues (1st ed.). Chicago, IL: National Center for Children’s Vision and Eye Health at Prevent Blindness.

Su, B. M., & Chan, D. K. (2017). Prevalence of Hearing Loss in US Children and Adolescents: Findings From NHANES 1988-2010. JAMA Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, 143(9):920-927. 

Texas Department of State Health Services. (2019). Hearing Screening Manual-Student.

Texas Department of State Health Services. (2019). Vision Screening Manual-Student. 

Texas Department of State Health Services. (2018). 2018 Healthy Texas Mothers & Babies Data Book.

Texas Department of State Health Services. (2018). Vision, Hearing, and Spinal Screening Programs: Implementing Changes in the Vision, Hearing and Spinal Screening Programs for School Year 2018-2019. Webinar PowerPoint.

Texas Department of State Health Services. (2019). Vision and Hearing Screening Program. 

Texas Department of State Health Services. (2018). Texas Health Steps Medical Checkup Periodicity Schedule for Infants, Children, and Adolescents. 

Texas Department of State Health Services. (n.d.). Hearing Checklist for Parents.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (2019). Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Services Program.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. (n.d.). Early Childhood Intervention Services.

Texas Medicaid & Healthcare Partnership. (2019). Texas Medicaid Provider Procedures Manual. 

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2017). Vision in Children Ages 6 months to 5 Years: Screening.

Vasconcellos, A. P., Kyle, M. E., Gilani, S., & Shin, J. J. (2014). Personally Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Pediatric Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review. JAMA Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, 151(1):14–28. 

World Health Organization. (2015). Make Listening Safe. 

Wrightson, A. S. (2007). Universal newborn hearing screening. American Family Physician, 75(9): 1,349–1,352. 

Ying, G., Maguire, M. G., Cyert, L. A., Ciner, E., Quinn, G. E., Kulp, M. T., . . . Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) Study Group. (2014). Prevalence of Vision Disorders by Racial and Ethnic Group among Children Participating in Head Start. Ophthalmology, 121(3):630-636. 

Yoshinaga-Itano, C., Sedey, A. L., Wiggin, M., & Chung, W. (2017). Early Hearing Detection and Vocabulary of Children With Hearing Loss. Pediatrics, 140(2):2016-2964.

Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were obtained or adapted from the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dorland’s Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers, the FreeDictionary, KidsHealth from Nemours, Mayo Clinic, MedlinePlus, Medscape, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Library of Medicine, and NewYorkPresbyterian.org.

Texas Health Steps courses are best viewed using a current browser. If you are using an out-of-date browser or a version of Internet Explorer less than 11, lesson progress and interactive features may not function properly.

Featured

• Academy for Eating Disorders. (2020).
• AccessMedicine. (2021). Anorexia Nervosa.
• Alcohol Rehab Guide. (2020). Alcohol-Related Crimes.
• American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. (2021). TV Violence and Children.
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2019). Self-Injury in Adolescents.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, Healthychildren.org. (2020. Contraception Explained: Options for Teens & Adolescents.
• American Academy of Pediatrics, Healthychildren.org. (2020). Liquid Nicotine Used in E-Cigarettes Can Kill Children.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2020). Clinical Report, Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Specific Issues for Adolescents. Pediatrics, 146(2), e2020007252.
• American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement. (2019). The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health. Pediatrics, 144(2), e20191765.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2019). Policy Statement: Unique Needs of the Adolescent. Pediatrics, 144(6), e20193150.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). Clinical Report: Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Services in the Pediatric Setting. Pediatrics, 140(5), e20172858.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). Clinical Report: Counseling Parents and Teens About Marijuana Use in the Era of Legalization of Marijuana. Pediatrics, 139(3) e20164069.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). Policy Statement: The Impact of Marijuana Policies on Youth: Clinical, Research, and Legal Update. Pediatrics, 135(3), 584-587.
• American Dental Association. (2020). Oral Health Topics: Oral Piercings.
• Anderson, C. A., Bushman, B. J., Bartholow, B. D., Cantor, J., Christakis, D., Coyne, S. M., . . . Ybarra, M. (2017). Screen Violence and Youth Behavior. Pediatrics, 140(Supplement 2), S142-S147.
• Bell, C., Kerr, J., & Young, J. (2019). Associations between Obesity, Obesogenic Environments, and Structural Racism Vary by County-Level Racial Composition. International Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 16(5): 861.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). CDC Fact Sheet: Information for Teens and Young Adults: Staying Healthy and Preventing STDs.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Genital Herpes - CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. (2021). National Health and Nutrition Examination Study.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Sexually Transmitted Diseases, (STDs).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Changes in Suicide Rate — United States, 2018-2019. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 70(8);261–268.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). HPV fact sheet.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Births: Final Data for 2019. National Vital Statistics Reports, 70(2).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Smoking and Tobacco Use.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Preventing Child Abuse & Neglect fact sheet.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey: Texas 2019 and United States 2019 Results.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). HIV Testing.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Human Papillomavirus. When to Get HPV Vaccine.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Injury Prevention and Control. WISQARS™ — Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). National Center for Health Statistics. Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use Among Teenagers Aged 15–19 in the United States, 2015–2017.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). National Vital Statistics Reports. State Suicide Rates Among Adolescents and Young Adults Aged 10–24: United States, 2000–2018.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Statistics Overview: HIV Surveillance Report.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Teen VaxView: 2008 through 2019 Adolescent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination Coverage Trend Report.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Violence Prevention: Preventing Youth Violence.
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Medical Definitions

The medical definitions in this module were obtained or adapted from the American Academy of Pediatrics, Anxiety and Depression Association of America, Mayo Clinic, Megan Meier Foundation, Merriam-Webster, Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Orthorexia.com, Oxford University Press, ScienceDirect, Texas Department of Family and Protective Services and The Nemours Foundation.