Featured in Course

• Balogh, L., Pulay, A. J., & Réthelyi, J.M. (2022).Genetics in the ADHD Clinic: How Can Genetic Testing Support the Current Clinical Practice? Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
• Blassingame III, J. C., & Buitrago, N. V. (June 8, 2022). ADHD Update: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment Issues. Psychiatric Times.
• Bondopadhyay, U., Diaz-Orueta, U., & Coogan, A. N. (2021). A Systematic Review of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26(2), 149–224.
• Breda V., Rohde, L.A., Menezes, A.M.B., Anselmi, L., Caye, A., Rovaris, D.L., ... Grevet, E.H. (2021). The neurodevelopmental nature of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(1), 43-50.
• Brinksma, D.M., Hoekstra, P.J., de Bildt, A., Buitelaar, J.K., van den Hoofdakker, B.J., Hartman, C.A., & Dietrich, A. (2023). Parental rejection in early adolescence predicts a persistent ADHD symptom trajectory across adolescence. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 139–153.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms and Diagnosis of ADHD.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Data and Statistics about ADHD.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). QuickStats: Percentage of Children Aged 3–17 Years Who Ever Received a Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, by Sex and Age Group — National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2019. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 70(29);1024.
• Cherkasova, M.V., Roy, A., Molina, B.S.G., Scott, G., Weiss, G., Barkley, R.A., . . . Biederman, J. (2022). Review: Adult Outcome as Seen Through Controlled Prospective Follow-up Studies of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Followed Into Adulthood,
• Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(3), 378-391.
• Data Resource Center for Child & Adolescent Health. Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI). The 2020-2021 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) Combined Dataset.
• Cordova, M.M., Antovich, D.M., Ryabinin, P., Neighbor, C., Mooney, M.A., Dieckmann, N.F., . . . Nigg, J.T. (2022). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Restricted Phenotypes Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Polygenic Risk Sensitivity in the ABCD Baseline Cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(10):1273-1284.
• Cortese S., Aoki, Y.Y., Itahashi T., Castellanos, F.X., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2023). Systematic review and Meta-analysis: Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(1): 61–75.
• Craig, S. G., Bondi, B. C., O’Donnell, K. A., Pepler, D. J., & Weiss, M. D. (2020). ADHD and Exposure to Maltreatment in Children and Youth: A Systematic Review of the Past 10 Years. Current Psychiatry Reports, 22(12), 1–14.
• De Rossi, P., D'Aiello, B., Pretelli, I., Menghini, D., Di Vara S., & Vicari, S. (2023). Age-related clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with ADHD. National Library of Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1069934.
• Fraticelli, S., Caratelli, G., De Berardis, D., Ducci, G., Pettorruso, M., Martinotti, G., . . ., di Giannantonio, M. (2022). Gender differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an update of the current evidence. Rivista di Psichiatria, 57(4), 159-164.
• Hamed, A. M., Kauer, A. J., & Stevens, H. E. (2015). Why the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Matters. National Library of Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 168.
• Hoogman M., Muetzel, R., Guimaraes, J. P., Shumskaya, E., Mennes, M., Zwiers, M.P., . . . Franke, B. (2019). Brain Imaging of the Cortex in ADHD: A Coordinated Analysis of Large-Scale Clinical and Population-Based Samples. American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(7), 531–542.
• Houck, G., Kendall, J., Miller, A., Morrell, P., & Wiebe, G. (2011). Self-Concept in Children and Adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 26(3), 239–247.
• Huang, H., Jin, Z., He, C., Guo, S., Zhang, Y., & Quan, M. (2023). Chronic Exercise for Core Symptoms and Executive Functions in ADHD: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 151(1), e2022057745.
• Kazda, L., Bell, K., Thomas, R., McGeechan, K., Sims, R., & Barratt, A. (2021). Overdiagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Scoping Review. JAMA Network Open, 4(4), e215335.
• Mather, K., & Condren, M. (2022). Extended-Release Viloxazine for Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. National Library of Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 27(5), 409-414.
• Meyer, J., Alaie, I., Ramklint, M., & Isaksson, J. (2022). Associated predictors of functional impairment among adolescents with ADHD-a cross-sectional study. Child Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 16, No. 29.
• National Institutes of Health. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2023). 7 Things To Know About Complementary Health Approaches for ADHD.
• Pereira-Sanchez ,V., & Castellanos, F. X. (2021). Neuroimaging in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 34(2), 105-111.
• Pinto, S., Correia-de-Sá, T., BeSampaio-Maia, B., Vasconcelos, C., Moreira, P., & Ferreira-Gomes, J. (2022). Eating Patterns and Dietary Interventions in ADHD: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 14, No. 20.
• Sciberras, E. (2022). Sleep in Individuals with ADHD: Prevalence, Impacts, Causes, and Treatments.. Current Topics in Behavioral Neuroscience, 57, 199-220.
• Shi, Y., Guevara, L.R.H., & Dykhoff, H.J., (2021). Racial Disparities in Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a US National Birth Cohort. JAMA Network Open, 4(3), e210321.
• Slaby, I., Hain, H.S., Abrams, D., Mentch, F.D., Glessner, J.T., Sleiman, P.M.A., & Hakonarson, H. (2022). An electronic health record (EHR) phenotype algorithm to identify patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) and psychiatric comorbidities. Journal of Neurodevelomental Disorders, 14(1), 37.
• Sonuga-Barke, E., Becker, S. P., Bolte, S., Castellanos, F.X., Franke, B., Newcorn, J.H., . . . Simonoff, E. (2023). Annual Research Review: Perspectives on progress in ADHD science - from characterization to cause. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64, 506–532.
• Sonuga-Barke, E. & Thapar, A. (2021).
• The neurodiversity concept: is it helpful for clinicians and scientists? Lancet Psychiatry, 8, 559-561.
• Spencer, A.E., Sikov, J., Loubeau, J.K., Zolli, N., Baul, T., Rabin, M., . . . Silverstein, M. (2021). Six Stages of Engagement in ADHD Treatment Described by Diverse, Urban Parents. American
• Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics, 148 (4): e2021051261.
• Stern, A., Agnew-Blais, J., Danese, A., Fisher, H. L., Jaffee, S. R., Matthews, T., Polanczyk, G. V., & Arseneault, L. (2018). Associations between abuse/neglect and ADHD from childhood to young adulthood: A prospective nationally-representative twin study.  Child Abuse & Neglect, 81, 274–285.
• Stolte, M., Trindade-Pons, V., Vlaming, P., Jakobi, B., Franke. B., Kroesbergen, E.H., . . . Hoogman, M. (2022). Characterizing Creative Thinking and Creative Achievements in Relation to Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 1(13).
• Texas Department of State Health Services. Shortage Area Designations. (2023).
• Wang, M., Yang, X., Yu, J., Zhu, J., Kim, H.D., & Cruz, A. (2023). Effects of Physical Activity on Inhibitory Function in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1032.
• Wolraich, M.L., Hagan, J.F. Jr., Allan, C., Chan, E., Davison, D., Earls, M., . . . Zurhellen, W. (2019). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20192528.
• Wu, J., Li, P., Luo, H., & Lu, Y. (2022). Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use by ADHD Patients: A Systematic Review. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26(14), 1833–1845.
• Xu, G., Strathearn, L., Liu, B., Yang, B., & Bao, W. (2018). Twenty-Year Trends in Diagnosed Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among US Children and Adolescents, 1997-2016. JAMA Network Open, 1(4), e181471.
• Young, S., Adamo N., Ásgeirsdóttir, B.B., Branney, P., Beckett, M., Colley, W., . . . Woodhouse, E. (2020) Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. National Library of Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information BMC Psychiatry. 20(1), 404.
• Yu M., Gao X., Niu X., Zhang M., Yang Z., Han S., Cheng J., & Zhang Y. (2022). Meta-analysis of structural and functional alterations of brain in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 1070142.

Medical Definitions

The medical definitions provided in this module were adapted or obtained from ADDitude, American Heart Association, Cognifit, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Fraxa Research Foundation, Healthline, KidsHealth from Nemours, MedlinePlus, Texas Education Agency and U.S. Department of Education.

Continuing Medical Education

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service is accredited by the Texas Medical Association to provide continuing medical education for physicians. 

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service designates this enduring material for a maximum of 1.00 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Continuing Nursing Education

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation. The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has awarded 1.00 contact hour(s) of Continuing Nursing Education.

Social Workers

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service under sponsor number CS3065 has been approved by the Texas State Board of Social Worker Examiners to offer continuing education contact hours to social workers. The approved status of The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service expires annually on December 31. The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has awarded 1.00 contact hour(s) of Continuing Social Work Education.

Certified Health Education Specialists

Sponsored by The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service, a designated provider of continuing education contact hours (CECH) in health education by the National Commission for Health Education Credentialing, Inc. This program is designated for Certified Health Education Specialists (CHES) and/or Master Certified Health Education Specialists (MCHES) to receive up to 1.00 total entry-level Category I contact education contact hours.

Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service is an approved provider (#1039) by the Texas State Board of Examiners of Marriage and Family Therapists to offer continuing education contact hours to Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists. The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has awarded 1.00 contact hour(s) for Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists. 

Licensed Professional Counselors

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service is an approved provider (#690) by the Texas State Board of Examiners of Professional Counselors to offer continuing education contact hours to Licensed Professional Counselors. The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has awarded 1.00 contact hour(s) for Licensed Professional Counselors.

Certificate of Attendance

The Texas Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service has designated 1.00 hour(s) for attendance.

General Disclosure

One of the requirements of continuing education is disclosure of the following information to the learner:

1. Notice of requirements for successful completion of continuing education activity. To receive continuing education credit the learner must successfully complete the following activities:
   • Create a Texas Health Steps account.
   • Complete on-line registration process.
   • Thoroughly read the content of the module.
   • Complete the on-line examination.
   • Complete the evaluation.
2. Commercial Support.
   The THSTEPS Web-based Continuing Education Series has received no commercial support.
3. Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships.
   The THSTEPS Continuing Education Planning Committee and the authors of these modules have no relevant financial relationships to disclose.
4. Non-Endorsement Statement.
   Accredited status does not imply endorsement of any commercial products or services by the Department of State Health Services, Continuing Education Service; Texas Medical Association; or American Nurse Credentialing Center.
5. Off-Label Use.
   Using a disclosure review process, the THSTEPS Continuing Education Planning Committee has examined documents and has concluded that the authors of these modules have not included content that discusses off-label use (use of products for a purpose other than that for which they were approved by the Food and Drug Administration).

The following are policies and definitions of terms related to continuing education disclosure:

The intent of disclosure is to allow Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service the opportunity to resolve any potential conflicts of interest to assure balance, independence, objectivity and scientific rigor in all of its Continuing Education activities.

All faculty, planners, speakers and authors of Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service sponsored activities are expected to disclose to the Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Continuing Education Service any relevant financial, relationships with any commercial or personal interest that produces health care goods or services concerned with the content of an educational presentation. Faculty, planners, speakers and authors must also disclose where there are any other potentially biasing relationships of a professional or personal nature.

Glossary of Terms

Conflict of Interest: Circumstances create a conflict of interest when an individual has an opportunity to affect Continuing Education content about products or services of a commercial interest with which she/he has a financial relationship or where there are any other potentially biasing relationships of a professional or personal nature.

Commercial Interest: Any entity producing, marketing, re-selling, or distributing health care goods or services consumed by, or used on, patients.

Financial Relationships: Those relationships in which the individual benefits by receiving a salary, royalty, intellectual property rights, consulting fee, honoraria, ownership interest (e.g., stocks, stock options or other ownership interest, excluding diversified mutual funds), or other financial benefit. Financial benefits are usually associated with roles such as employment, management position, independent contractor (including contracted research), consulting, teaching, membership on advisory committees or review panels, board membership, and other activities for which remuneration is received or expected. Relevant financial relationships would include those within the past 12 months of the person involved in the activity and a spouse or partner. Relevant financial relationships of your spouse or partner are those of which you are aware at the time of this disclosure.

Off Label: Using products for a purpose other that that for which it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

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